SmogRank / Episodes / Poland
Eastern Europe, March 2023
For 4 days, from 19 to 22 March 2023, 56 cities in Poland, Czechia, Italy and 4 more countries had PM2.5 at least twice their usual for the time of year. The worst reading was Kościan, Greater Poland, Poland: 71.8 µg/m³ on 19 March, about 3.0× its usual 24.0.
No cause named We have no fire or smoke records for these days, so we only say what the measurements show.
Cities reached 56 in 7 countries
Days 4 19 to 22 March 2023
Worst day 19 March 33 cities counted
Furthest above usual 5.0× Alessandria
Day by day
Play 19 March 33 cities at twice their usual or more
Hradec Králové Pardubice Kłodzko Liberec Žďár nad Sázavou Bogatynia Jihlava Wrocław Żary Nysa Zielona Góra Brno Židenice Přerov Kroměříž Międzyrzecz Cottbus Opole Hodonín Eisenhüttenstadt Hranice Opava České Budějovice Zlín Klosterneuburg Frankfurt (Oder) Sankt Pölten Valašské Meziříčí Gorzów Wielkopolski Kędzierzyn-Koźle Senica Vienna Malacky Racibórz Lubnjow Perchtoldsdorf Mödling Ostrava Baden Kalisz Devínska Nová Ves Frýdek-Místek Amstetten Pezinok Havířov Bratislava Trenčín Trnava Linz Karviná Senec Jastrzębie Zdrój Púchov Ansfelden Traun Český Těšín Steyr Sereď Strausberg Königs Wusterhausen Třinec Wels Neuenhagen Schwedt (Oder) Čadca Blankenfelde-Mahlow Nitra Partizánske Žilina Eberswalde Passau Katowice Nakło nad Notecią Luckenwalde Czechowice-Dziedzice Bernau bei Berlin Berlin Szczecin Bielsko-Biala Prievidza Teltow Sokolov Kleinmachnow Győr Martin Bydgoszcz Handlová Potsdam Łask Falkensee Altenburg Žiar nad Hronom Wittenberg Komárno Radomsko Nauen Ružomberok Banská Bystrica Greiz Bitterfeld-Wolfen Zgierz Zvolen Świnoujście Łódź Wolfsberg Weiden Marktredwitz Burghausen Brandenburg an der Havel Esztergom Neuruppin Maribor Veszprém Schwandorf in Bayern Liptovský Mikuláš Weißenfels Neubrandenburg Halle (Saale) Ptuj Köthen Traunreut Klagenfurt am Wörthersee Ustka Kelheim Celje Jena Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer Lučenec Burg bei Magdeburg Trbovlje Koprivnica Saalfeld Magdeburg Weimar Poprad Ljubljana Dunaújváros Stralsund Novo Mesto Ingolstadt Żyrardów Wittenberge Erfurt Spišská Nová Ves Munich Nuremberg Coburg Güstrow Pécs Bamberg Halberstadt Tarnów Pruszków Starnberg Rostock Nordhausen Starachowice Suhl Kazincbarcika Hansestadt Salzwedel Radom Rijeka Koper Augsburg Ansbach Konstancin-Jeziorna Schwerin Meiningen Mühlhausen Bardejov Mielec Dębica Innsbruck Prešov Wismar Liberpolis Otwock Eisenach Goslar Košice Braunschweig Salzgitter Malmö Banja Luka Würzburg Vranov nad Topľou Szeged Aalen Göttingen Bolzano Witzenhausen Trebišov Rzeszów Hildesheim Kalmar Lübeck Humenné Fulda Kempten (Allgäu) Nisko Neu-Ulm Lauda-Königshofen Ulm Snina Hannover Kassel Biberach an der Riß Hamburg Aschaffenburg Jarosław Heilbronn Großostheim Lindau Ludwigsburg Przemyśl Kiel Filderstadt Stuttgart Reutlingen Hanau am Main Rinteln Friedrichshafen Marsberg Tübingen Marburg an der Lahn Gießen Frankfurt am Main Pesaro Itzehoe Darmstadt Grajewo Herrenberg Heidelberg Konstanz Wiesloch Belgrade Bensheim Eschborn Oyten Zamość Pforzheim Klaipėda Mostar Hattersheim Königstein im Taunus Jesi Lampertheim Rüsselsheim am Main Mannheim Civitanova Marche Ludwigshafen am Rhein Bielefeld Visby Bremen Speyer Worms Warstein Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Mainz Karlsruhe Wiesbaden Delmenhorst Białystok Flensburg Villingen-Schwenningen Netphen Augustów Limburg an der Lahn Baden-Baden Soest Linköping Bremerhaven Zürich Osnabrück Bad Kreuznach Oldenburg Trebinje Kaiserslautern Gothenburg Unna Haguenau Lüdenscheid Kehl Bendorf Koblenz Wilhelmshaven Strasbourg Schwerte Münster Friesoythe Freiburg Neuwied Hagen Dortmund Cluj-Napoca Datteln Müllheim Lörrach Hattingen Wuppertal Bonn Lingen La Spezia Basel Solingen Gelsenkirchen Leverkusen Essen Köln Saarbrücken Pejë Mulhouse Ratingen Oberhausen Mitrovicë Forbach Borken Kaunas Düsseldorf Enschede Bern Duisburg Dillingen Genoa Bergheim Trier Glogovac Wesel Niš Krefeld Kosovo Polje Jüchen Pristina Mönchengladbach Jülich Montbéliard Lunéville Savona Groningen Épinal Aosta Craiova Bastia Sallanches Albertville Sofia Monaco Botevgrad Nice Kristiansand Cannes Fréjus Sevlievo Gabrovo Poznań Kraków Olomouc Siedlce Włocławek Graz Legionowo Warsaw Rovereto Kadaň Kętrzyn Kutno Płock Kielce Olsztyn Kościerzyna Lębork Pilsen Suwałki Falconara Marittima Teplice Jelenia Góra Bohumín Jasło Krapkowice Toruń Beroun Děčín Litvínov Ústí nad Labem Ełk Kranj Krosno Wawer Kladno Prague Lublin Łuków Gdańsk Most Gdynia Pułtusk Kościan Świecie Mladá Boleslav Liepāja Riga Ventspils Trento Bellinzona Sopot Znojmo Ancona Lugano Turin Alessandria 16 Mar 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Every measured city in the area, coloured by its PM2.5 that day; a dark ring marks a city at twice its usual or more. Bars: cities counted each day, coloured by their median level. Choose a day or press play; without JavaScript, the days link to that day's world ranking.
How it spread
Włocławek Włocławek, 16 March: 55.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Włocławek, 17 March: 35.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Włocławek, 18 March: 29.1 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Włocławek, 19 March: 42.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Włocławek, 20 March: 55.2 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Włocławek, 21 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Włocławek, 22 March: 36.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Włocławek, 23 March: 26.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Włocławek, 24 March: 14.9 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Włocławek, 25 March: 14.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lublin Lublin, 16 March: 27.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Lublin, 17 March: 47.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lublin, 18 March: 20.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Lublin, 19 March: 41.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Lublin, 20 March: 52.8 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Lublin, 21 March: 30.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Lublin, 22 March: 32.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Lublin, 23 March: 20.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Lublin, 24 March: 26.7 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Lublin, 25 March: 17.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Bohumín Bohumín, 16 March: 21.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Bohumín, 17 March: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Bohumín, 18 March: 48.4 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Bohumín, 19 March: 38.9 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Bohumín, 20 March: 25.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Bohumín, 21 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Bohumín, 22 March: 30.7 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bohumín, 23 March: 20.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Bohumín, 24 March: 13.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Bohumín, 25 March: 5.3 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Siedlce Siedlce, 16 March: 34.8 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Siedlce, 17 March: 41.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Siedlce, 18 March: 11.6 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Siedlce, 19 March: 25.2 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Siedlce, 20 March: 41.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Siedlce, 21 March: 31.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Siedlce, 22 March: 28.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Siedlce, 23 March: no reading Siedlce, 24 March: no reading Siedlce, 25 March: no reading Wawer Wawer, 16 March: 29.2 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Wawer, 17 March: 38.9 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Wawer, 18 March: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Wawer, 19 March: 23.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Wawer, 20 March: 40.6 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Wawer, 21 March: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Wawer, 22 March: 29.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Wawer, 23 March: 19.2 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Wawer, 24 March: 10.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Wawer, 25 March: 8.8 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Krosno Krosno, 16 March: 19.9 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Krosno, 17 March: 28.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Krosno, 18 March: 10.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Krosno, 19 March: 11.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Krosno, 20 March: 32.5 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Krosno, 21 March: 27.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Krosno, 22 March: 17.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Krosno, 23 March: 9.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Krosno, 24 March: 11.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Krosno, 25 March: 12.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Turin Turin, 16 March: 12.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Turin, 17 March: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Turin, 18 March: 25.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Turin, 19 March: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Turin, 20 March: no reading Turin, 21 March: 43.5 µg/m³, 4.1× usual Turin, 22 March: no reading Turin, 23 March: 23.2 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Turin, 24 March: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Turin, 25 March: 10.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Kościan Kościan, 16 March: 28.4 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Kościan, 17 March: 19.9 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kościan, 18 March: 29.4 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Kościan, 19 March: 71.8 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Kościan, 20 March: 49.3 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Kościan, 21 March: 27.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kościan, 22 March: 29.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Kościan, 23 March: 13.9 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kościan, 24 March: no reading Kościan, 25 March: no reading Alessandria Alessandria, 16 March: no reading Alessandria, 17 March: no reading Alessandria, 18 March: no reading Alessandria, 19 March: 53.5 µg/m³, 5.0× usual Alessandria, 20 March: no reading Alessandria, 21 March: 37.0 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Alessandria, 22 March: 26.6 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Alessandria, 23 March: no reading Alessandria, 24 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Alessandria, 25 March: 10.2 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toruń Toruń, 16 March: 25.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Toruń, 17 March: 29.9 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Toruń, 18 March: 26.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Toruń, 19 March: 48.8 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Toruń, 20 March: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Toruń, 21 March: 14.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Toruń, 22 March: 29.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Toruń, 23 March: 16.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Toruń, 24 March: 14.3 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Toruń, 25 March: 10.1 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Znojmo Znojmo, 16 March: 9.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Znojmo, 17 March: 11.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Znojmo, 18 March: 13.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Znojmo, 19 March: 45.9 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Znojmo, 20 March: 20.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Znojmo, 21 March: no reading Znojmo, 22 March: 28.2 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Znojmo, 23 March: 12.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Znojmo, 24 March: 18.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Znojmo, 25 March: 5.9 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Świecie Świecie, 16 March: 15.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Świecie, 17 March: 24.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Świecie, 18 March: 24.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Świecie, 19 March: 45.8 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Świecie, 20 March: 30.1 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Świecie, 21 March: 13.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Świecie, 22 March: 25.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Świecie, 23 March: 12.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Świecie, 24 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Świecie, 25 March: 9.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Most Most, 16 March: 8.5 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Most, 17 March: 14.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Most, 18 March: 17.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Most, 19 March: 43.8 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Most, 20 March: 26.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Most, 21 March: 10.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Most, 22 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Most, 23 March: 7.6 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Most, 24 March: no reading Most, 25 March: 4.0 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Jelenia Góra Jelenia Góra, 16 March: 21.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Jelenia Góra, 17 March: 14.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Jelenia Góra, 18 March: 20.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Jelenia Góra, 19 March: 43.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Jelenia Góra, 20 March: 34.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Jelenia Góra, 21 March: 28.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Jelenia Góra, 22 March: 20.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Jelenia Góra, 23 March: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Jelenia Góra, 24 March: 6.7 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Jelenia Góra, 25 March: 4.6 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Pułtusk Pułtusk, 16 March: 24.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Pułtusk, 17 March: 28.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Pułtusk, 18 March: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pułtusk, 19 March: 42.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Pułtusk, 20 March: 45.1 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Pułtusk, 21 March: 22.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Pułtusk, 22 March: 28.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Pułtusk, 23 March: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Pułtusk, 24 March: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pułtusk, 25 March: 11.5 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdynia Gdynia, 16 March: 11.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdynia, 17 March: 23.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Gdynia, 18 March: 25.9 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Gdynia, 19 March: 42.3 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Gdynia, 20 March: 23.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Gdynia, 21 March: 14.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Gdynia, 22 March: 20.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Gdynia, 23 March: 11.9 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdynia, 24 March: 10.9 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdynia, 25 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kościerzyna Kościerzyna, 16 March: 29.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Kościerzyna, 17 March: 15.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Kościerzyna, 18 March: 27.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Kościerzyna, 19 March: 41.2 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Kościerzyna, 20 March: 23.5 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Kościerzyna, 21 March: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Kościerzyna, 22 March: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kościerzyna, 23 March: 11.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Kościerzyna, 24 March: 14.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kościerzyna, 25 March: 12.8 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Děčín Děčín, 16 March: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Děčín, 17 March: 10.8 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Děčín, 18 March: 17.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Děčín, 19 March: 41.1 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Děčín, 20 March: 39.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Děčín, 21 March: no reading Děčín, 22 March: 19.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Děčín, 23 March: 23.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Děčín, 24 March: 13.6 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Děčín, 25 March: 9.8 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Poznań Poznań, 16 March: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Poznań, 17 March: 19.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Poznań, 18 March: 22.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Poznań, 19 March: 39.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Poznań, 20 March: 37.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Poznań, 21 March: 17.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Poznań, 22 March: 19.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Poznań, 23 March: 13.8 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Poznań, 24 March: 7.3 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Poznań, 25 March: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Gdańsk Gdańsk, 16 March: 11.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdańsk, 17 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Gdańsk, 18 March: 25.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Gdańsk, 19 March: 39.5 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Gdańsk, 20 March: 25.6 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Gdańsk, 21 March: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Gdańsk, 22 March: 20.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Gdańsk, 23 March: 10.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Gdańsk, 24 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Gdańsk, 25 March: 9.2 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Beroun Beroun, 16 March: 12.9 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Beroun, 17 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Beroun, 18 March: 21.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Beroun, 19 March: 39.0 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Beroun, 20 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Beroun, 21 March: 12.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Beroun, 22 March: 13.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Beroun, 23 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Beroun, 24 March: 13.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Beroun, 25 March: no reading Lębork Lębork, 16 March: 22.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Lębork, 17 March: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Lębork, 18 March: 29.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lębork, 19 March: 39.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lębork, 20 March: 29.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lębork, 21 March: 14.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lębork, 22 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Lębork, 23 March: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Lębork, 24 March: 14.9 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Lębork, 25 March: 12.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Kladno Kladno, 16 March: 9.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kladno, 17 March: 12.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kladno, 18 March: 18.2 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Kladno, 19 March: 38.5 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Kladno, 20 March: 15.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kladno, 21 March: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kladno, 22 March: 8.2 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kladno, 23 March: 6.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Kladno, 24 March: no reading Kladno, 25 March: no reading Litvínov Litvínov, 16 March: 12.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Litvínov, 17 March: 14.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Litvínov, 18 March: 17.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Litvínov, 19 March: 38.2 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Litvínov, 20 March: 25.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Litvínov, 21 March: no reading Litvínov, 22 March: 11.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Litvínov, 23 March: 6.0 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Litvínov, 24 March: 7.2 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Litvínov, 25 March: no reading Sopot Sopot, 16 March: 9.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Sopot, 17 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Sopot, 18 March: 20.8 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Sopot, 19 March: 37.1 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Sopot, 20 March: 23.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Sopot, 21 March: 9.9 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Sopot, 22 March: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sopot, 23 March: 10.0 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Sopot, 24 March: 9.6 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Sopot, 25 March: 8.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Prague Prague, 16 March: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Prague, 17 March: 12.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Prague, 18 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Prague, 19 March: 36.7 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Prague, 20 March: 21.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Prague, 21 March: 12.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Prague, 22 March: 9.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Prague, 23 March: 8.9 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Prague, 24 March: 5.3 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Prague, 25 March: no reading Łuków Łuków, 16 March: 16.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Łuków, 17 March: 29.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Łuków, 18 March: 16.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Łuków, 19 March: 36.1 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Łuków, 20 March: 47.5 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Łuków, 21 March: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Łuków, 22 March: 24.6 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Łuków, 23 March: 19.8 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Łuków, 24 March: 18.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Łuków, 25 March: 14.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ústí nad Labem Ústí nad Labem, 16 March: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Ústí nad Labem, 17 March: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Ústí nad Labem, 18 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Ústí nad Labem, 19 March: 34.3 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Ústí nad Labem, 20 March: 31.7 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Ústí nad Labem, 21 March: 9.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Ústí nad Labem, 22 March: 12.5 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ústí nad Labem, 23 March: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Ústí nad Labem, 24 March: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Ústí nad Labem, 25 March: no reading Ełk Ełk, 16 March: 16.0 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Ełk, 17 March: 29.9 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Ełk, 18 March: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Ełk, 19 March: 33.1 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Ełk, 20 March: 36.3 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Ełk, 21 March: 10.6 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Ełk, 22 March: 20.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Ełk, 23 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Ełk, 24 March: 10.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Ełk, 25 March: 8.9 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Pilsen Pilsen, 16 March: 12.6 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Pilsen, 17 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pilsen, 18 March: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Pilsen, 19 March: 31.4 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Pilsen, 20 March: 14.5 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Pilsen, 21 March: 11.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pilsen, 22 March: 11.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Pilsen, 23 March: 10.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pilsen, 24 March: 4.9 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Pilsen, 25 March: 4.1 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Kadaň Kadaň, 16 March: 9.2 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kadaň, 17 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Kadaň, 18 March: 25.4 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Kadaň, 19 March: 31.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Kadaň, 20 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Kadaň, 21 March: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kadaň, 22 March: 7.2 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Kadaň, 23 March: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kadaň, 24 March: no reading Kadaň, 25 March: 3.6 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Suwałki Suwałki, 16 March: 16.4 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Suwałki, 17 March: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Suwałki, 18 March: 8.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Suwałki, 19 March: 30.2 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Suwałki, 20 March: 28.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Suwałki, 21 March: 7.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Suwałki, 22 March: 18.9 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Suwałki, 23 March: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Suwałki, 24 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Suwałki, 25 March: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kętrzyn Kętrzyn, 16 March: 14.8 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kętrzyn, 17 March: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Kętrzyn, 18 March: 10.9 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kętrzyn, 19 March: 30.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Kętrzyn, 20 March: 29.5 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Kętrzyn, 21 March: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kętrzyn, 22 March: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Kętrzyn, 23 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Kętrzyn, 24 March: 10.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kętrzyn, 25 March: 11.5 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Trento Trento, 16 March: no reading Trento, 17 March: no reading Trento, 18 March: no reading Trento, 19 March: 29.7 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Trento, 20 March: no reading Trento, 21 March: 31.5 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Trento, 22 March: 30.2 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Trento, 23 March: no reading Trento, 24 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Trento, 25 March: 6.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Bellinzona Bellinzona, 16 March: no reading Bellinzona, 17 March: no reading Bellinzona, 18 March: no reading Bellinzona, 19 March: 27.5 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Bellinzona, 20 March: no reading Bellinzona, 21 March: 24.4 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Bellinzona, 22 March: 25.3 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Bellinzona, 23 March: no reading Bellinzona, 24 March: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Bellinzona, 25 March: 6.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Mladá Boleslav Mladá Boleslav, 16 March: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Mladá Boleslav, 17 March: 11.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Mladá Boleslav, 18 March: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Mladá Boleslav, 19 March: 27.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Mladá Boleslav, 20 March: 37.8 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Mladá Boleslav, 21 March: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Mladá Boleslav, 22 March: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Mladá Boleslav, 23 March: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Mladá Boleslav, 24 March: 6.9 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Mladá Boleslav, 25 March: 4.3 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Krapkowice Krapkowice, 16 March: 20.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Krapkowice, 17 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Krapkowice, 18 March: 11.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Krapkowice, 19 March: 26.5 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Krapkowice, 20 March: 21.1 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Krapkowice, 21 March: 18.6 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Krapkowice, 22 March: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Krapkowice, 23 March: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Krapkowice, 24 March: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Krapkowice, 25 March: 4.4 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Rovereto Rovereto, 16 March: no reading Rovereto, 17 March: no reading Rovereto, 18 March: no reading Rovereto, 19 March: 25.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Rovereto, 20 March: no reading Rovereto, 21 March: 25.3 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Rovereto, 22 March: 25.9 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Rovereto, 23 March: no reading Rovereto, 24 March: 15.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Rovereto, 25 March: 6.6 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Kutno Kutno, 16 March: 31.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Kutno, 17 March: 30.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Kutno, 18 March: 22.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kutno, 19 March: 37.6 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Kutno, 20 March: 49.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Kutno, 21 March: 28.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Kutno, 22 March: 37.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Kutno, 23 March: 14.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Kutno, 24 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Kutno, 25 March: 11.1 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Kielce Kielce, 16 March: 29.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Kielce, 17 March: 30.9 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Kielce, 18 March: 16.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Kielce, 19 March: no reading Kielce, 20 March: 46.3 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Kielce, 21 March: no reading Kielce, 22 March: no reading Kielce, 23 March: 21.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Kielce, 24 March: no reading Kielce, 25 March: no reading Kraków Kraków, 16 March: 22.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Kraków, 17 March: 36.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Kraków, 18 March: 29.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Kraków, 19 March: 44.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Kraków, 20 March: 46.3 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Kraków, 21 March: 28.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Kraków, 22 March: 31.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Kraków, 23 March: 22.2 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Kraków, 24 March: 15.6 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Kraków, 25 March: 9.5 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Liepāja Liepāja, 16 March: 22.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Liepāja, 17 March: 21.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Liepāja, 18 March: 13.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Liepāja, 19 March: no reading Liepāja, 20 March: 43.9 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Liepāja, 21 March: no reading Liepāja, 22 March: no reading Liepāja, 23 March: 21.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Liepāja, 24 March: no reading Liepāja, 25 March: no reading Legionowo Legionowo, 16 March: 32.9 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Legionowo, 17 March: 37.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Legionowo, 18 March: 13.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Legionowo, 19 March: no reading Legionowo, 20 March: 42.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Legionowo, 21 March: no reading Legionowo, 22 March: no reading Legionowo, 23 March: 18.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Legionowo, 24 March: no reading Legionowo, 25 March: no reading Warsaw Warsaw, 16 March: 20.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Warsaw, 17 March: 27.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Warsaw, 18 March: 13.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Warsaw, 19 March: 26.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Warsaw, 20 March: 39.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Warsaw, 21 March: 16.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Warsaw, 22 March: 25.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Warsaw, 23 March: 18.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Warsaw, 24 March: 13.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Warsaw, 25 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Płock Płock, 16 March: 16.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Płock, 17 March: 26.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Płock, 18 March: 16.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Płock, 19 March: 25.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Płock, 20 March: 36.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Płock, 21 March: 13.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Płock, 22 March: 33.3 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Płock, 23 March: 14.5 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Płock, 24 March: 11.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Płock, 25 March: 9.8 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Teplice Teplice, 16 March: 10.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Teplice, 17 March: 11.6 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Teplice, 18 March: 15.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Teplice, 19 March: no reading Teplice, 20 March: 33.3 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Teplice, 21 March: no reading Teplice, 22 March: no reading Teplice, 23 March: 11.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Teplice, 24 March: no reading Teplice, 25 March: no reading Ventspils Ventspils, 16 March: 14.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Ventspils, 17 March: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Ventspils, 18 March: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ventspils, 19 March: 21.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Ventspils, 20 March: 32.1 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Ventspils, 21 March: 3.6 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Ventspils, 22 March: 10.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Ventspils, 23 March: 9.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ventspils, 24 March: 6.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Ventspils, 25 March: 9.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Olsztyn Olsztyn, 16 March: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Olsztyn, 17 March: 18.7 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Olsztyn, 18 March: 11.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Olsztyn, 19 March: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Olsztyn, 20 March: 32.1 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Olsztyn, 21 March: 10.6 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Olsztyn, 22 March: 25.9 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Olsztyn, 23 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Olsztyn, 24 March: 8.1 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Olsztyn, 25 March: 9.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Jasło Jasło, 16 March: 20.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Jasło, 17 March: 25.5 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Jasło, 18 March: 10.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Jasło, 19 March: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Jasło, 20 March: 30.9 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Jasło, 21 March: 23.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Jasło, 22 March: 13.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Jasło, 23 March: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Jasło, 24 March: 11.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Jasło, 25 March: 11.0 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Riga Riga, 16 March: 9.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Riga, 17 March: 10.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Riga, 18 March: 6.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Riga, 19 March: 21.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Riga, 20 March: 30.5 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Riga, 21 March: 6.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Riga, 22 March: 10.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Riga, 23 March: 13.9 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Riga, 24 March: 6.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Riga, 25 March: 7.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Olomouc Olomouc, 16 March: 12.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Olomouc, 17 March: 17.1 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Olomouc, 18 March: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Olomouc, 19 March: 24.8 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Olomouc, 20 March: 30.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Olomouc, 21 March: 17.3 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Olomouc, 22 March: 20.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Olomouc, 23 March: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Olomouc, 24 March: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Olomouc, 25 March: 5.0 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Kranj Kranj, 16 March: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Kranj, 17 March: 20.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Kranj, 18 March: 19.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Kranj, 19 March: no reading Kranj, 20 March: 27.8 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Kranj, 21 March: no reading Kranj, 22 March: no reading Kranj, 23 March: 21.4 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Kranj, 24 March: no reading Kranj, 25 March: no reading Graz Graz, 16 March: 9.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Graz, 17 March: 15.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Graz, 18 March: 20.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Graz, 19 March: 24.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Graz, 20 March: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Graz, 21 March: 8.9 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Graz, 22 March: 10.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Graz, 23 March: 22.6 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Graz, 24 March: 19.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Graz, 25 March: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Ancona Ancona, 16 March: 3.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Ancona, 17 March: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Ancona, 18 March: 9.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Ancona, 19 March: 11.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Ancona, 20 March: 15.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Ancona, 21 March: 36.7 µg/m³, 3.9× usual Ancona, 22 March: no reading Ancona, 23 March: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Ancona, 24 March: 10.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Ancona, 25 March: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lugano Lugano, 16 March: no reading Lugano, 17 March: no reading Lugano, 18 March: no reading Lugano, 19 March: 21.8 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Lugano, 20 March: no reading Lugano, 21 March: 33.3 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Lugano, 22 March: 25.5 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Lugano, 23 March: no reading Lugano, 24 March: 12.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Lugano, 25 March: 8.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Falconara Marittima Falconara Marittima, 16 March: 11.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Falconara Marittima, 17 March: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Falconara Marittima, 18 March: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Falconara Marittima, 19 March: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Falconara Marittima, 20 March: 18.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Falconara Marittima, 21 March: 28.4 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Falconara Marittima, 22 March: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Falconara Marittima, 23 March: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Falconara Marittima, 24 March: 11.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Falconara Marittima, 25 March: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual 16 Mar 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Every counted city, in the order the episode reached them, 3 days before to 3 after. Each square is a day, coloured by that day's PM2.5; outlined: at twice the city's usual or more. Good 0–50
Moderate 51–100
Sensitive groups 101–150
Unhealthy 151–200
Very unhealthy 201–300
Hazardous 301+
Every city it reached
City Days Highest Usual Above usual
Alessandria Piedmont, Italy 3 19 March 10.7 5.0× Turin Piedmont, Italy 1 21 March 10.7 4.1× Lugano Ticino, Switzerland 2 21 March 8.3 4.0× Ancona The Marches, Italy 1 21 March 9.4 3.9× Znojmo South Moravian, Czechia 1 19 March 13.0 3.5× Bellinzona Ticino, Switzerland 2 19 March 8.5 3.2× Sopot Pomerania, Poland 1 19 March 11.5 3.2× Trento Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy 3 21 March 10.0 3.2× Ventspils Ventspils, Latvia 1 20 March 10.4 3.1× Riga Riga, Latvia 1 20 March 9.9 3.1× Liepāja Liepaja, Latvia 1 20 March 14.3 3.1× Świecie Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland 1 19 March 15.1 3.0× Bohumín Moravian-Silesian Region, Czechia 1 18 March 16.0 3.0× Kościan Greater Poland, Poland 2 19 March 24.0 3.0× Mladá Boleslav Central Bohemia, Czechia 2 20 March 12.7 3.0× Pułtusk Mazovia, Poland 2 20 March 15.3 2.9× Gdynia Pomerania, Poland 1 19 March 14.4 2.9× Most Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 1 19 March 15.9 2.8× Gdańsk Pomerania, Poland 1 19 March 14.9 2.7× Wawer Mazovia, Poland 1 20 March 15.4 2.6× Kladno Central Bohemia, Czechia 1 19 March 14.7 2.6× Prague Prague, Czechia 1 19 March 14.1 2.6× Łuków Lublin, Poland 2 20 March 18.4 2.6× Lublin Lublin, Poland 2 20 March 20.6 2.6× Krosno Subcarpathia, Poland 1 20 March 12.7 2.6× Kranj Urban Municipality of Kranj, Slovenia 1 20 March 10.9 2.6× Ústí nad Labem Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 2 19 March 13.6 2.5× Ełk Warmia-Masuria, Poland 2 20 March 14.4 2.5× Toruń Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland 2 19 March 19.4 2.5× Litvínov Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 1 19 March 15.2 2.5× Krapkowice Opole Voivodeship, Poland 1 19 March 10.6 2.5× Děčín Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 2 19 March 16.6 2.5× Jasło Subcarpathia, Poland 1 20 March 12.5 2.5× Beroun Central Bohemia, Czechia 1 19 March 15.9 2.5× Teplice Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 1 20 March 13.7 2.4× Jelenia Góra Lower Silesia, Poland 1 19 March 18.0 2.4× Falconara Marittima The Marches, Italy 1 21 March 11.9 2.4× Kutno Łódź Voivodeship, Poland 1 20 March 20.9 2.3× Pilsen Plzeň Region, Czechia 1 19 March 13.4 2.3× Kościerzyna Pomerania, Poland 1 19 March 17.6 2.3× Kielce Świętokrzyskie, Poland 1 20 March 20.0 2.3× Płock Mazovia, Poland 1 20 March 16.1 2.3× Suwałki Podlasie, Poland 2 19 March 13.3 2.3× Olsztyn Warmia-Masuria, Poland 1 20 March 14.2 2.3× Lębork Pomerania, Poland 1 19 March 17.3 2.3× Rovereto Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy 3 22 March 11.6 2.2× Kętrzyn Warmia-Masuria, Poland 2 19 March 13.5 2.2× Włocławek Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland 1 16 March 25.3 2.2× Graz Styria, Austria 1 20 March 12.6 2.2× Warsaw Mazovia, Poland 1 20 March 18.0 2.2× Legionowo Mazovia, Poland 1 20 March 19.8 2.2× Kadaň Ústí nad Labem Region, Czechia 1 19 March 14.4 2.2× Siedlce Mazovia, Poland 1 17 March 19.5 2.1× Olomouc Olomouc Region, Czechia 1 20 March 14.5 2.1× Kraków Lesser Poland, Poland 1 20 March 22.3 2.1× Poznań Greater Poland, Poland 1 19 March 19.5 2.0×
Daily means in µg/m³. Usual: the city's median for this time of year (its days within 21 days of the date, every year, leaving out the week around it). Above usual: its highest day against that.
Against other episodes in Poland and Czechia
Number 2 of 13 episodes in Poland and Czechia since our records began, by cities reached.
Eastern Europe, December 2023 107 Eastern Europe, March 2023 56 Eastern Europe, September 2023 51 Czechia and Slovakia, November and December 2023 41 Czechia and Austria, October 2023 20 Czechia, Slovakia and Austria, December 2023 16 Poland and Czechia, April 2023 15 Poland and Czechia, January 2023 15 Poland, May 2023 10 Czechia and Poland, April 2023 9 Czechia and Slovakia, January 2023 9 Poland, September 2023 8 Bars: cities reached; colour: the level of the episode's highest daily reading. All 13 .
Use this page SmogRank, Eastern Europe, March 2023: 56 cities with PM2.5 at twice their usual or more, 19 to 22 March 2023, smogrank.com/episodes/2023-03-eastern-europe (accessed 2 October 2026).
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You're welcome to reuse a single chart, image or figure with this citation and a link. Terms .
An episode is a run of days when many cities close to each other (four or more within 350 km on a day, 8 or more in all) each had a daily PM2.5 mean of at least 25 µg/m³ and at least 2 times their usual for that time of year. Found in our own measurements, not picked by hand. How we find episodes . Values are each city's daily mean of its own monitors; causes are the usual kinds for a pattern like this, not a confirmed source.
