SmogRank / Episodes / Spain
Spain, France and Italy, December 2023
For 7 days, from 25 to 31 December 2023, 50 cities in Spain, France, Italy and 1 more countries had PM2.5 at least twice their usual for the time of year. The worst reading was Manlleu, Catalonia, Spain: 98.6 µg/m³ on 29 December, about 3.3× its usual 30.3.
No cause named We have no fire or smoke records for these days, so we only say what the measurements show.
Cities reached 50 in 4 countries
Days 7 25 to 31 December 2023
Worst day 29 December 32 cities counted
Furthest above usual 6.2× Caserta
Day by day
Play 29 December 32 cities at twice their usual or more
Girona Vilanova i la Geltrú Marratxí Palma Perpignan les Escaldes Benicàssim Castelló de la Plana Toulouse Burriana Lunel Onda Sagunto Fos-sur-Mer Marseille Vitrolles Salon-de-Provence Zaragoza Gardanne Aix-en-Provence Xàtiva Toulon Pau Aurillac Alicante Manosque Algiers Elda Marmande Valence Périgueux Romans-sur-Isère Saint-Étienne Clermont-Ferrand Saint-Chamond Calahorra Gap Anglet Cannes Givors Lormont Bordeaux Meylan Donostia / San Sebastián Nice Angoulême Zarautz Monaco Lorca Chambéry Gasteiz / Vitoria Mâcon Bourg-en-Bresse Durango Albertville Bermeo Laudio / Llodio Alcalá de Henares Bilbao Torrejón de Ardoz Algete Annemasse Sallanches Turin La Rochelle Burgos Almería Bastia Alessandria Jaén Palencia Borgomanero Valladolid Medina del Campo La Spezia Massa Livorno Lugano Viareggio Bellinzona Málaga Salamanca Cártama Grosseto Poggibonsi Gijón Avilés La Línea de la Concepción San Roque Rovereto Trento San Fernando Bolzano Vila Real Lugo Pesaro Viveiro Ourense Jesi Falconara Marittima Paredes Ancona Narón Civitanova Marche Ferrol Ponte de Lima Faro A Coruña Teo Santiago de Compostela Vigo Salerno Amora Lisbon Corroios Rijeka Mosta Sliema Żabbar Montemurlo Castres Lyon Córdoba Florence Prato Grenoble Sevilla Nîmes Naples Meyzieu Bailén Montpellier Capannori Pisa Avignon Arezzo Tarbes Tarragona Algeciras Benevento Caserta Sama Granada León Murcia Huelva Toledo Cuenca Cacém Collado-Villalba Fréjus Oviedo Mollet del Vallès Barcelona Coslada Manlleu Ciutadella Barrio de Peral Lourdes Arles Móstoles Lleida Madrid Valencia Valdemoro Cartagena Ciudad Real Grao de Murviedro Torrevieja 22 Dec 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 Jan 2 3 Every measured city in the area, coloured by its PM2.5 that day; a dark ring marks a city at twice its usual or more. Bars: cities counted each day, coloured by their median level. Choose a day or press play; without JavaScript, the days link to that day's world ranking.
How it spread
Montemurlo Montemurlo, 22 December: 53.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Montemurlo, 23 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Montemurlo, 24 December: 43.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Montemurlo, 25 December: 52.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Montemurlo, 26 December: 37.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Montemurlo, 27 December: 50.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Montemurlo, 28 December: 44.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Montemurlo, 29 December: 57.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Montemurlo, 30 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Montemurlo, 31 December: 41.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Montemurlo, 1 January: 19.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Montemurlo, 2 January: no reading Montemurlo, 3 January: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Prato Prato, 22 December: 46.0 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Prato, 23 December: 13.5 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Prato, 24 December: 32.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Prato, 25 December: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Prato, 26 December: 18.5 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Prato, 27 December: 42.5 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Prato, 28 December: 39.5 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Prato, 29 December: 35.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Prato, 30 December: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Prato, 31 December: 29.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Prato, 1 January: 15.5 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Prato, 2 January: no reading Prato, 3 January: 8.5 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Bailén Bailén, 22 December: 29.7 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 23 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Bailén, 24 December: 29.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 25 December: 30.8 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 26 December: 30.2 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 27 December: 33.4 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Bailén, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Bailén, 29 December: 40.1 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Bailén, 30 December: 34.6 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Bailén, 31 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Bailén, 1 January: 34.9 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Bailén, 2 January: 25.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Bailén, 3 January: 23.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Valdemoro Valdemoro, 22 December: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Valdemoro, 23 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Valdemoro, 24 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Valdemoro, 25 December: 45.5 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Valdemoro, 26 December: 40.7 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Valdemoro, 27 December: 30.1 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Valdemoro, 28 December: 44.1 µg/m³, 4.1× usual Valdemoro, 29 December: 44.3 µg/m³, 4.1× usual Valdemoro, 30 December: 38.0 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Valdemoro, 31 December: 16.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valdemoro, 1 January: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Valdemoro, 2 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Valdemoro, 3 January: 11.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Florence Florence, 22 December: 25.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Florence, 23 December: 14.5 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Florence, 24 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Florence, 25 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Florence, 26 December: 11.5 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Florence, 27 December: 25.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Florence, 28 December: 31.5 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Florence, 29 December: 18.5 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Florence, 30 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Florence, 31 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Florence, 1 January: 13.0 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Florence, 2 January: no reading Florence, 3 January: 9.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Sevilla Sevilla, 22 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sevilla, 23 December: 26.2 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Sevilla, 24 December: 35.9 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Sevilla, 25 December: 35.3 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Sevilla, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Sevilla, 27 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Sevilla, 28 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Sevilla, 29 December: 32.1 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Sevilla, 30 December: 29.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Sevilla, 31 December: 31.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Sevilla, 1 January: 35.7 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Sevilla, 2 January: 23.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Sevilla, 3 January: 20.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arezzo Arezzo, 22 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arezzo, 23 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arezzo, 24 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Arezzo, 25 December: 25.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Arezzo, 26 December: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Arezzo, 27 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Arezzo, 28 December: 35.0 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Arezzo, 29 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Arezzo, 30 December: 31.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Arezzo, 31 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Arezzo, 1 January: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Arezzo, 2 January: no reading Arezzo, 3 January: 10.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Cacém Cacém, 22 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cacém, 23 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Cacém, 24 December: 26.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Cacém, 25 December: 34.2 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Cacém, 26 December: 22.2 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Cacém, 27 December: 17.1 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Cacém, 28 December: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Cacém, 29 December: 19.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Cacém, 30 December: 26.8 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Cacém, 31 December: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cacém, 1 January: 29.7 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Cacém, 2 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Cacém, 3 January: 5.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Manlleu Manlleu, 22 December: no reading Manlleu, 23 December: 45.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Manlleu, 24 December: 57.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Manlleu, 25 December: 65.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Manlleu, 26 December: 64.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Manlleu, 27 December: 85.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Manlleu, 28 December: 87.8 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Manlleu, 29 December: 98.6 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Manlleu, 30 December: 64.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Manlleu, 31 December: 38.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Manlleu, 1 January: 48.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Manlleu, 2 January: 40.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Manlleu, 3 January: 63.3 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Murcia Murcia, 22 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Murcia, 23 December: 31.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Murcia, 24 December: 36.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Murcia, 25 December: 43.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Murcia, 26 December: 38.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Murcia, 27 December: 45.4 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Murcia, 28 December: 57.8 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Murcia, 29 December: 55.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Murcia, 30 December: 50.6 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Murcia, 31 December: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Murcia, 1 January: 47.9 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Murcia, 2 January: 22.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Murcia, 3 January: 22.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Mollet del Vallès Mollet del Vallès, 22 December: 13.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Mollet del Vallès, 23 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Mollet del Vallès, 24 December: 23.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Mollet del Vallès, 25 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Mollet del Vallès, 26 December: 40.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Mollet del Vallès, 27 December: 37.4 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Mollet del Vallès, 28 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Mollet del Vallès, 29 December: 53.1 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Mollet del Vallès, 30 December: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Mollet del Vallès, 31 December: 34.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Mollet del Vallès, 1 January: 40.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Mollet del Vallès, 2 January: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Mollet del Vallès, 3 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Cartagena Cartagena, 22 December: 12.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Cartagena, 23 December: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Cartagena, 24 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Cartagena, 25 December: 28.2 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Cartagena, 26 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Cartagena, 27 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Cartagena, 28 December: 33.0 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Cartagena, 29 December: 31.9 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Cartagena, 30 December: 36.7 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Cartagena, 31 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Cartagena, 1 January: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Cartagena, 2 January: 13.2 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cartagena, 3 January: 16.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Torrevieja Torrevieja, 22 December: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Torrevieja, 23 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Torrevieja, 24 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Torrevieja, 25 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Torrevieja, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Torrevieja, 27 December: 31.7 µg/m³, 4.5× usual Torrevieja, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 5.2× usual Torrevieja, 29 December: 41.4 µg/m³, 5.8× usual Torrevieja, 30 December: 44.3 µg/m³, 6.2× usual Torrevieja, 31 December: 34.0 µg/m³, 4.8× usual Torrevieja, 1 January: 19.8 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Torrevieja, 2 January: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Torrevieja, 3 January: 15.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Collado-Villalba Collado-Villalba, 22 December: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 23 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Collado-Villalba, 24 December: 22.9 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 25 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Collado-Villalba, 26 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Collado-Villalba, 27 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Collado-Villalba, 28 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 29 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 30 December: 24.8 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Collado-Villalba, 31 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 1 January: 13.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 2 January: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Collado-Villalba, 3 January: 10.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Madrid Madrid, 22 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Madrid, 23 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Madrid, 24 December: 10.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Madrid, 25 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Madrid, 26 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Madrid, 27 December: 23.8 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Madrid, 28 December: 27.5 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Madrid, 29 December: 28.1 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Madrid, 30 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Madrid, 31 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Madrid, 1 January: 17.1 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Madrid, 2 January: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Madrid, 3 January: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Móstoles Móstoles, 22 December: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Móstoles, 23 December: 10.3 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Móstoles, 24 December: 12.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Móstoles, 25 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Móstoles, 26 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Móstoles, 27 December: 25.5 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Móstoles, 28 December: 32.2 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Móstoles, 29 December: 30.8 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Móstoles, 30 December: 25.8 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Móstoles, 31 December: 10.1 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Móstoles, 1 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Móstoles, 2 January: 8.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Móstoles, 3 January: 3.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Meyzieu Meyzieu, 22 December: 3.4 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Meyzieu, 23 December: 5.0 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Meyzieu, 24 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Meyzieu, 25 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Meyzieu, 26 December: 29.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Meyzieu, 27 December: 21.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Meyzieu, 28 December: 5.8 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Meyzieu, 29 December: 9.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Meyzieu, 30 December: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Meyzieu, 31 December: 5.9 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Meyzieu, 1 January: no reading Meyzieu, 2 January: no reading Meyzieu, 3 January: 4.2 µg/m³, 0.3× usual León León, 22 December: 18.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual León, 23 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 24 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.3× usual León, 25 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual León, 26 December: 27.4 µg/m³, 2.9× usual León, 27 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 2.8× usual León, 28 December: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual León, 29 December: 15.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 30 December: 14.9 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 31 December: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 1 January: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 2 January: 8.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 3 January: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Lyon Lyon, 22 December: 2.5 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Lyon, 23 December: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lyon, 24 December: 15.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Lyon, 25 December: 24.8 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Lyon, 26 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Lyon, 27 December: 23.1 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Lyon, 28 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lyon, 29 December: 13.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Lyon, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lyon, 31 December: 6.4 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Lyon, 1 January: no reading Lyon, 2 January: no reading Lyon, 3 January: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Montpellier Montpellier, 22 December: 1.8 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Montpellier, 23 December: 1.5 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Montpellier, 24 December: 15.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Montpellier, 25 December: 18.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Montpellier, 26 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Montpellier, 27 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Montpellier, 28 December: 21.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Montpellier, 29 December: 23.4 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Montpellier, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Montpellier, 31 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Montpellier, 1 January: no reading Montpellier, 2 January: no reading Montpellier, 3 January: 10.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Benevento Benevento, 22 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Benevento, 23 December: 26.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Benevento, 24 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Benevento, 25 December: 22.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Benevento, 26 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Benevento, 27 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Benevento, 28 December: 54.7 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Benevento, 29 December: 40.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Benevento, 30 December: 55.4 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Benevento, 31 December: 75.1 µg/m³, 3.9× usual Benevento, 1 January: 29.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Benevento, 2 January: 18.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Benevento, 3 January: no reading Avignon Avignon, 22 December: 2.6 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Avignon, 23 December: 2.2 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Avignon, 24 December: 2.7 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Avignon, 25 December: 6.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Avignon, 26 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Avignon, 27 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Avignon, 28 December: 42.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Avignon, 29 December: 36.3 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Avignon, 30 December: 31.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Avignon, 31 December: 10.6 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Avignon, 1 January: no reading Avignon, 2 January: no reading Avignon, 3 January: 27.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Oviedo Oviedo, 22 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Oviedo, 23 December: 12.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 24 December: 17.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Oviedo, 25 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Oviedo, 26 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Oviedo, 27 December: 34.4 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Oviedo, 28 December: 22.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Oviedo, 29 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 30 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Oviedo, 31 December: 6.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Oviedo, 1 January: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Oviedo, 2 January: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 3 January: 14.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Sama Sama, 22 December: 18.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Sama, 23 December: 15.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Sama, 24 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sama, 25 December: 16.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sama, 26 December: 22.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Sama, 27 December: 33.1 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Sama, 28 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Sama, 29 December: 12.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Sama, 30 December: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Sama, 31 December: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Sama, 1 January: 15.9 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Sama, 2 January: 12.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Sama, 3 January: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Ciudad Real Ciudad Real, 22 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Ciudad Real, 23 December: 18.9 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Ciudad Real, 24 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Ciudad Real, 25 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Ciudad Real, 26 December: 17.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Ciudad Real, 27 December: 30.6 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Ciudad Real, 28 December: 29.6 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Ciudad Real, 29 December: 40.9 µg/m³, 4.4× usual Ciudad Real, 30 December: 34.3 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Ciudad Real, 31 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ciudad Real, 1 January: 8.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciudad Real, 2 January: 8.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciudad Real, 3 January: 4.3 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarbes Tarbes, 22 December: 1.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Tarbes, 23 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Tarbes, 24 December: 18.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Tarbes, 25 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Tarbes, 26 December: 15.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Tarbes, 27 December: 29.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Tarbes, 28 December: 38.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Tarbes, 29 December: 24.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Tarbes, 30 December: 22.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Tarbes, 31 December: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarbes, 1 January: no reading Tarbes, 2 January: no reading Tarbes, 3 January: 11.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Lourdes Lourdes, 22 December: 1.2 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Lourdes, 23 December: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lourdes, 24 December: 12.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Lourdes, 25 December: 24.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lourdes, 26 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lourdes, 27 December: 26.2 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Lourdes, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Lourdes, 29 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lourdes, 30 December: 22.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Lourdes, 31 December: 4.7 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lourdes, 1 January: no reading Lourdes, 2 January: no reading Lourdes, 3 January: 8.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Granada Granada, 22 December: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Granada, 23 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Granada, 24 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Granada, 25 December: 23.2 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Granada, 26 December: 23.9 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Granada, 27 December: 25.7 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Granada, 28 December: 28.3 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Granada, 29 December: 30.5 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Granada, 30 December: 22.5 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Granada, 31 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Granada, 1 January: 28.4 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Granada, 2 January: 10.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Granada, 3 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Grenoble Grenoble, 22 December: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Grenoble, 23 December: 5.7 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Grenoble, 24 December: 12.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Grenoble, 25 December: 21.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Grenoble, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grenoble, 27 December: 25.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Grenoble, 28 December: 40.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Grenoble, 29 December: 39.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Grenoble, 30 December: 24.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grenoble, 31 December: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Grenoble, 1 January: no reading Grenoble, 2 January: no reading Grenoble, 3 January: 10.8 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Caserta Caserta, 22 December: 13.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Caserta, 23 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Caserta, 24 December: 22.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Caserta, 25 December: 22.5 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Caserta, 26 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Caserta, 27 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Caserta, 28 December: 33.3 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Caserta, 29 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Caserta, 30 December: 22.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Caserta, 31 December: 22.5 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Caserta, 1 January: 76.6 µg/m³, 6.7× usual Caserta, 2 January: no reading Caserta, 3 January: no reading Naples Naples, 22 December: 15.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Naples, 23 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Naples, 24 December: 13.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Naples, 25 December: 13.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Naples, 26 December: 8.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Naples, 27 December: 20.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Naples, 28 December: 32.2 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Naples, 29 December: 33.4 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Naples, 30 December: 22.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Naples, 31 December: 35.2 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Naples, 1 January: 30.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Naples, 2 January: 11.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Naples, 3 January: no reading Cuenca Cuenca, 22 December: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Cuenca, 23 December: 16.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cuenca, 24 December: 12.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Cuenca, 25 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Cuenca, 26 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cuenca, 27 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Cuenca, 28 December: 30.7 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Cuenca, 29 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Cuenca, 30 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cuenca, 31 December: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Cuenca, 1 January: 9.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Cuenca, 2 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Cuenca, 3 January: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Pisa Pisa, 22 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Pisa, 23 December: 10.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Pisa, 24 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Pisa, 25 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Pisa, 26 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Pisa, 27 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Pisa, 28 December: 30.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Pisa, 29 December: 38.5 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Pisa, 30 December: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Pisa, 31 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Pisa, 1 January: 9.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Pisa, 2 January: no reading Pisa, 3 January: 5.5 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Coslada Coslada, 22 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Coslada, 23 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Coslada, 24 December: 15.6 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Coslada, 25 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Coslada, 26 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Coslada, 27 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Coslada, 28 December: 28.9 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Coslada, 29 December: 26.7 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Coslada, 30 December: 20.3 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Coslada, 31 December: 11.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Coslada, 1 January: 23.1 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Coslada, 2 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Coslada, 3 January: 7.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Fréjus Fréjus, 22 December: 0.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Fréjus, 23 December: 9.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Fréjus, 24 December: 15.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Fréjus, 25 December: 19.7 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Fréjus, 26 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Fréjus, 27 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Fréjus, 28 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Fréjus, 29 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Fréjus, 30 December: 20.4 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Fréjus, 31 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Fréjus, 1 January: no reading Fréjus, 2 January: no reading Fréjus, 3 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Capannori Capannori, 22 December: 36.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Capannori, 23 December: 21.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Capannori, 24 December: 49.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Capannori, 25 December: 35.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Capannori, 26 December: 53.5 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Capannori, 27 December: 54.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Capannori, 28 December: 54.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 29 December: 90.3 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Capannori, 30 December: 35.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Capannori, 31 December: 55.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 1 January: 22.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Capannori, 2 January: no reading Capannori, 3 January: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Lleida Lleida, 22 December: 2.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Lleida, 23 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lleida, 24 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 25 December: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lleida, 26 December: 15.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 27 December: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Lleida, 28 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Lleida, 29 December: 74.9 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Lleida, 30 December: 80.9 µg/m³, 3.9× usual Lleida, 31 December: 53.4 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Lleida, 1 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 2 January: 36.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lleida, 3 January: 49.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Arles Arles, 22 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Arles, 23 December: 3.8 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Arles, 24 December: 4.9 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Arles, 25 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 26 December: 19.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Arles, 27 December: 20.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arles, 28 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 29 December: 49.0 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Arles, 30 December: 36.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Arles, 31 December: 13.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 1 January: no reading Arles, 2 January: no reading Arles, 3 January: 20.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Valencia Valencia, 22 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Valencia, 23 December: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Valencia, 24 December: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Valencia, 25 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valencia, 26 December: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Valencia, 27 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Valencia, 28 December: 22.2 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Valencia, 29 December: 37.1 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Valencia, 30 December: 33.1 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Valencia, 31 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valencia, 1 January: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Valencia, 2 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Valencia, 3 January: 5.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Córdoba Córdoba, 22 December: 16.2 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Córdoba, 23 December: 16.9 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Córdoba, 24 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Córdoba, 25 December: 21.2 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Córdoba, 26 December: 23.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Córdoba, 27 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Córdoba, 28 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Córdoba, 29 December: 32.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Córdoba, 30 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Córdoba, 31 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Córdoba, 1 January: 36.6 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Córdoba, 2 January: no reading Córdoba, 3 January: no reading Castres Castres, 22 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Castres, 23 December: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Castres, 24 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Castres, 25 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 26 December: 23.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Castres, 27 December: 18.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 28 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Castres, 29 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Castres, 30 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 31 December: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Castres, 1 January: no reading Castres, 2 January: no reading Castres, 3 January: 24.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Barcelona Barcelona, 22 December: 9.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Barcelona, 23 December: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Barcelona, 24 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Barcelona, 25 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Barcelona, 26 December: 19.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Barcelona, 27 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Barcelona, 28 December: 22.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Barcelona, 29 December: 27.9 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Barcelona, 30 December: 32.0 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Barcelona, 31 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Barcelona, 1 January: 18.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Barcelona, 2 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Barcelona, 3 January: 11.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Tarragona Tarragona, 22 December: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Tarragona, 23 December: 4.7 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarragona, 24 December: 9.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Tarragona, 25 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Tarragona, 26 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Tarragona, 27 December: 14.1 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Tarragona, 28 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Tarragona, 29 December: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Tarragona, 30 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Tarragona, 31 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Tarragona, 1 January: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Tarragona, 2 January: 6.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Tarragona, 3 January: 5.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Toledo Toledo, 22 December: 9.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toledo, 23 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Toledo, 24 December: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Toledo, 25 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Toledo, 26 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 27 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 28 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Toledo, 29 December: 27.3 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Toledo, 30 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Toledo, 31 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 1 January: 9.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Toledo, 2 January: 9.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toledo, 3 January: 9.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Grao de Murviedro Grao de Murviedro, 22 December: 4.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 23 December: 4.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Grao de Murviedro, 24 December: 7.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grao de Murviedro, 25 December: 6.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Grao de Murviedro, 26 December: 8.2 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Grao de Murviedro, 27 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Grao de Murviedro, 28 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Grao de Murviedro, 29 December: 25.3 µg/m³, 4.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 30 December: 20.4 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 31 December: 12.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Grao de Murviedro, 1 January: 3.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Grao de Murviedro, 2 January: 6.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Grao de Murviedro, 3 January: 3.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Algeciras Algeciras, 22 December: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Algeciras, 23 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Algeciras, 24 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Algeciras, 25 December: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Algeciras, 26 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Algeciras, 27 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Algeciras, 28 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Algeciras, 29 December: 25.0 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Algeciras, 30 December: 17.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Algeciras, 31 December: 14.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Algeciras, 1 January: 9.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Algeciras, 2 January: 10.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Algeciras, 3 January: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Barrio de Peral Barrio de Peral, 22 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 23 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 24 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 25 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 26 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 27 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 28 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 29 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 30 December: 32.3 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Barrio de Peral, 31 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Barrio de Peral, 1 January: 12.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Barrio de Peral, 2 January: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Barrio de Peral, 3 January: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Nîmes Nîmes, 22 December: 1.1 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Nîmes, 23 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Nîmes, 24 December: 7.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Nîmes, 25 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Nîmes, 26 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Nîmes, 27 December: 20.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Nîmes, 28 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Nîmes, 29 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Nîmes, 30 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Nîmes, 31 December: 11.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Nîmes, 1 January: no reading Nîmes, 2 January: no reading Nîmes, 3 January: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Ciutadella Ciutadella, 22 December: no reading Ciutadella, 23 December: no reading Ciutadella, 24 December: no reading Ciutadella, 25 December: no reading Ciutadella, 26 December: no reading Ciutadella, 27 December: no reading Ciutadella, 28 December: no reading Ciutadella, 29 December: no reading Ciutadella, 30 December: 26.9 µg/m³, 3.4× usual Ciutadella, 31 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Ciutadella, 1 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ciutadella, 2 January: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciutadella, 3 January: 9.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Huelva Huelva, 22 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Huelva, 23 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Huelva, 24 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Huelva, 25 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Huelva, 26 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Huelva, 27 December: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Huelva, 28 December: 16.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Huelva, 29 December: 19.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Huelva, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Huelva, 31 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Huelva, 1 January: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Huelva, 2 January: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Huelva, 3 January: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual 22 Dec 24 26 28 30 1 Jan 3 Every counted city, in the order the episode reached them, 3 days before to 3 after. Each square is a day, coloured by that day's PM2.5; outlined: at twice the city's usual or more. Good 0–50
Moderate 51–100
Sensitive groups 101–150
Unhealthy 151–200
Very unhealthy 201–300
Hazardous 301+
Every city it reached
City Days Highest Usual Above usual
Caserta Campania, Italy 1 1 January 11.4 6.7× Torrevieja Valencia, Spain 6 30 December 7.1 6.2× Grao de Murviedro Valencia, Spain 1 29 December 5.3 4.8× Ciudad Real Castille-La Mancha, Spain 4 29 December 9.4 4.4× Valencia Valencia, Spain 2 29 December 8.8 4.2× Valdemoro Madrid, Spain 6 25 December 10.8 4.2× Cartagena Murcia, Spain 6 30 December 8.8 4.2× Madrid Madrid, Spain 3 26 December 7.4 4.0× Cacém Lisbon, Portugal 1 25 December 8.6 4.0× Benevento Campania, Italy 1 31 December 19.1 3.9× Lleida Catalonia, Spain 2 30 December 21.0 3.9× Móstoles Madrid, Spain 5 28 December 8.4 3.8× Arles Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 2 29 December 13.7 3.6× Barrio de Peral Murcia, Spain 1 30 December 9.1 3.5× Lourdes Occitanie, France 2 28 December 10.6 3.5× Ciutadella Balearic Islands, Spain 1 30 December 7.8 3.4× Coslada Madrid, Spain 2 28 December 8.8 3.3× Barcelona Catalonia, Spain 2 30 December 9.8 3.3× Manlleu Catalonia, Spain 4 29 December 30.3 3.3× Oviedo Asturias, Spain 1 27 December 10.8 3.2× Mollet del Vallès Catalonia, Spain 5 29 December 16.7 3.2× Fréjus Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 2 29 December 9.0 3.2× Collado-Villalba Madrid, Spain 4 28 December 9.9 3.1× Huelva Andalusia, Spain 1 31 December 10.0 3.0× Toledo Castille-La Mancha, Spain 1 29 December 9.1 3.0× Cuenca Castille-La Mancha, Spain 1 28 December 10.3 3.0× Algeciras Andalusia, Spain 1 29 December 8.5 2.9× Granada Andalusia, Spain 3 29 December 10.4 2.9× Tarragona Catalonia, Spain 1 29 December 9.6 2.9× León Castille and León, Spain 2 26 December 9.5 2.9× Sama Asturias, Spain 1 27 December 11.5 2.9× Murcia Murcia, Spain 6 28 December 20.1 2.9× Tarbes Occitanie, France 2 28 December 13.5 2.8× Prato Tuscany, Italy 2 22 December 17.0 2.7× Arezzo Tuscany, Italy 2 28 December 13.0 2.7× Córdoba Andalusia, Spain 3 1 January 14.0 2.6× Pisa Tuscany, Italy 2 29 December 14.8 2.6× Naples Campania, Italy 1 31 December 13.6 2.6× Capannori Tuscany, Italy 1 29 December 35.0 2.6× Avignon Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 3 28 December 16.3 2.6× Sevilla Andalusia, Spain 4 24 December 14.0 2.6× Bailén Andalusia, Spain 5 29 December 15.8 2.5× Montpellier Occitanie, France 1 26 December 10.7 2.5× Meyzieu Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 1 26 December 12.4 2.4× Nîmes Occitanie, France 1 30 December 12.1 2.4× Grenoble Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 2 28 December 17.5 2.3× Florence Tuscany, Italy 1 28 December 13.8 2.3× Lyon Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 1 26 December 12.9 2.1× Castres Occitanie, France 1 29 December 13.4 2.1× Montemurlo Tuscany, Italy 1 29 December 28.0 2.0×
Daily means in µg/m³. Usual: the city's median for this time of year (its days within 21 days of the date, every year, leaving out the week around it). Above usual: its highest day against that.
Against other episodes in Spain and France
Number 6 of 23 episodes in Spain and France since our records began, by cities reached.
Central Europe, February and March 2023 274 Western Europe, March 2023 119 Southern Europe, December 2023 97 North-eastern Spain and France, February 2023 72 France, The Netherlands and United Kingdom, January 2023 66 Spain, France and Italy, December 2023 50 France, Belgium and United Kingdom, November and December 2023 43 France and Belgium, April 2023 36 Canary Islands, Spain, December 2023 15 Canary Islands, Spain, December 2023 15 Belgium and France, August 2023 15 Andalusia and Madrid, Spain, July 2023 15 Bars: cities reached; colour: the level of the episode's highest daily reading. All 23 .
Use this page SmogRank, Spain, France and Italy, December 2023: 50 cities with PM2.5 at twice their usual or more, 25 to 31 December 2023, smogrank.com/episodes/2023-12-spain-france-and-italy (accessed 2 October 2026).
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You're welcome to reuse a single chart, image or figure with this citation and a link. Terms .
An episode is a run of days when many cities close to each other (four or more within 350 km on a day, 8 or more in all) each had a daily PM2.5 mean of at least 25 µg/m³ and at least 2 times their usual for that time of year. Found in our own measurements, not picked by hand. How we find episodes . Values are each city's daily mean of its own monitors; causes are the usual kinds for a pattern like this, not a confirmed source.
