SmogRank / Episodes / Spain
North-eastern Spain and France, December 2023 to January 2024
For 8 days, from 25 December 2023 to 1 January 2024, 44 cities in Spain, France, Portugal and 1 more countries had PM2.5 at least twice their usual for the time of year. The worst reading was Manlleu, Catalonia, Spain: 98.6 µg/m³ on 29 December, about 3.3× its usual 30.3.
No cause named We have no fire or smoke records for these days, so we only say what the measurements show.
Cities reached 44 in 4 countries
Days 8 25 December 2023 to 1 January 2024
Worst day 29 December 28 cities counted
Furthest above usual 6.2× Torrevieja
Day by day
Play 29 December 28 cities at twice their usual or more
Benicàssim Vilanova i la Geltrú Castelló de la Plana Burriana Onda Sagunto Zaragoza les Escaldes Xàtiva Girona Palma Marratxí Pau Toulouse Alicante Elda Perpignan Calahorra Anglet Donostia / San Sebastián Marmande Zarautz Gasteiz / Vitoria Durango Alcalá de Henares Lorca Bordeaux Lormont Torrejón de Ardoz Algete Bermeo Laudio / Llodio Périgueux Bilbao Aurillac Lunel Burgos Angoulême Algiers Fos-sur-Mer Almería Salon-de-Provence Vitrolles Palencia Marseille Valladolid Clermont-Ferrand Gardanne Jaén Aix-en-Provence La Rochelle Medina del Campo Toulon Valence Saint-Étienne Manosque Saint-Chamond Romans-sur-Isère Givors Salamanca Gap Málaga Meylan Cártama Mâcon Gijón Cannes Bourg-en-Bresse Chambéry Avilés Nice Monaco Menton Albertville La Línea de la Concepción San Roque Annemasse Sallanches Turin San Fernando Vila Real Lugo Ourense Viveiro Alessandria Bastia Borgomanero Narón Ferrol Ponte de Lima A Coruña Teo Santiago de Compostela Faro Vigo La Spezia Lugano Bellinzona Lisbon Corroios Rovereto Trento Bolzano Castres Lyon Grenoble Paredes Nîmes Meyzieu Córdoba Bailén Montpellier Capannori Avignon Sevilla Tarbes Tarragona Algeciras Sama Granada León Murcia Huelva Toledo Cuenca Mollet del Vallès Collado-Villalba Fréjus Oviedo Barcelona Coslada Manlleu Amora Ciutadella Barrio de Peral Cacém Lourdes Arles Móstoles Lleida Madrid Valencia Valdemoro Cartagena Ciudad Real Grao de Murviedro Torrevieja 22 Dec 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 Jan 2 3 4 Every measured city in the area, coloured by its PM2.5 that day; a dark ring marks a city at twice its usual or more. Bars: cities counted each day, coloured by their median level. Choose a day or press play; without JavaScript, the days link to that day's world ranking.
How it spread
Bailén Bailén, 22 December: 29.7 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 23 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Bailén, 24 December: 29.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 25 December: 30.8 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 26 December: 30.2 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Bailén, 27 December: 33.4 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Bailén, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Bailén, 29 December: 40.1 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Bailén, 30 December: 34.6 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Bailén, 31 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Bailén, 1 January: 34.9 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Bailén, 2 January: 25.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Bailén, 3 January: 23.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Bailén, 4 January: 9.6 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Valdemoro Valdemoro, 22 December: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Valdemoro, 23 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Valdemoro, 24 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Valdemoro, 25 December: 45.5 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Valdemoro, 26 December: 40.7 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Valdemoro, 27 December: 30.1 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Valdemoro, 28 December: 44.1 µg/m³, 4.1× usual Valdemoro, 29 December: 44.3 µg/m³, 4.1× usual Valdemoro, 30 December: 38.0 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Valdemoro, 31 December: 16.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valdemoro, 1 January: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Valdemoro, 2 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Valdemoro, 3 January: 11.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Valdemoro, 4 January: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Amora Amora, 22 December: 27.2 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Amora, 23 December: 34.6 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Amora, 24 December: 44.0 µg/m³, 4.5× usual Amora, 25 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Amora, 26 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Amora, 27 December: 14.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Amora, 28 December: 14.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Amora, 29 December: 18.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Amora, 30 December: no reading Amora, 31 December: no reading Amora, 1 January: 33.1 µg/m³, 3.4× usual Amora, 2 January: 9.0 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Amora, 3 January: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Amora, 4 January: 4.5 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Sevilla Sevilla, 22 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Sevilla, 23 December: 26.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Sevilla, 24 December: 35.9 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Sevilla, 25 December: 35.3 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Sevilla, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Sevilla, 27 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Sevilla, 28 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Sevilla, 29 December: 32.1 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Sevilla, 30 December: 29.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Sevilla, 31 December: 31.8 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Sevilla, 1 January: 35.7 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Sevilla, 2 January: 23.3 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Sevilla, 3 January: 20.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Sevilla, 4 January: 11.5 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Cacém Cacém, 22 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cacém, 23 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Cacém, 24 December: 26.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Cacém, 25 December: 34.2 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Cacém, 26 December: 22.2 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Cacém, 27 December: 17.1 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Cacém, 28 December: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Cacém, 29 December: 19.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Cacém, 30 December: 26.8 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Cacém, 31 December: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cacém, 1 January: 29.7 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Cacém, 2 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Cacém, 3 January: 5.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Cacém, 4 January: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Manlleu Manlleu, 22 December: no reading Manlleu, 23 December: 45.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Manlleu, 24 December: 57.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Manlleu, 25 December: 65.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Manlleu, 26 December: 64.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Manlleu, 27 December: 85.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Manlleu, 28 December: 87.8 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Manlleu, 29 December: 98.6 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Manlleu, 30 December: 64.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Manlleu, 31 December: 38.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Manlleu, 1 January: 48.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Manlleu, 2 January: 40.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Manlleu, 3 January: 63.3 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Manlleu, 4 January: 39.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Murcia Murcia, 22 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Murcia, 23 December: 31.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Murcia, 24 December: 36.0 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Murcia, 25 December: 43.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Murcia, 26 December: 38.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Murcia, 27 December: 45.4 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Murcia, 28 December: 57.8 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Murcia, 29 December: 55.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Murcia, 30 December: 50.6 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Murcia, 31 December: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Murcia, 1 January: 47.9 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Murcia, 2 January: 22.3 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Murcia, 3 January: 22.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Murcia, 4 January: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Mollet del Vallès Mollet del Vallès, 22 December: 13.0 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Mollet del Vallès, 23 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Mollet del Vallès, 24 December: 23.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Mollet del Vallès, 25 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Mollet del Vallès, 26 December: 40.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Mollet del Vallès, 27 December: 37.4 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Mollet del Vallès, 28 December: 38.7 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Mollet del Vallès, 29 December: 53.1 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Mollet del Vallès, 30 December: 45.6 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Mollet del Vallès, 31 December: 34.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Mollet del Vallès, 1 January: 40.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Mollet del Vallès, 2 January: 16.6 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Mollet del Vallès, 3 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Mollet del Vallès, 4 January: 26.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cartagena Cartagena, 22 December: 12.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Cartagena, 23 December: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Cartagena, 24 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Cartagena, 25 December: 28.2 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Cartagena, 26 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Cartagena, 27 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Cartagena, 28 December: 33.0 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Cartagena, 29 December: 31.9 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Cartagena, 30 December: 36.7 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Cartagena, 31 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Cartagena, 1 January: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Cartagena, 2 January: 13.2 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cartagena, 3 January: 16.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Cartagena, 4 January: 10.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Torrevieja Torrevieja, 22 December: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Torrevieja, 23 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Torrevieja, 24 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Torrevieja, 25 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Torrevieja, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Torrevieja, 27 December: 31.7 µg/m³, 4.5× usual Torrevieja, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 5.2× usual Torrevieja, 29 December: 41.4 µg/m³, 5.8× usual Torrevieja, 30 December: 44.3 µg/m³, 6.2× usual Torrevieja, 31 December: 34.0 µg/m³, 4.8× usual Torrevieja, 1 January: 19.8 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Torrevieja, 2 January: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Torrevieja, 3 January: 15.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Torrevieja, 4 January: 6.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Collado-Villalba Collado-Villalba, 22 December: 12.7 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 23 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Collado-Villalba, 24 December: 22.9 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 25 December: 26.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Collado-Villalba, 26 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Collado-Villalba, 27 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Collado-Villalba, 28 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 29 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 30 December: 24.8 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Collado-Villalba, 31 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Collado-Villalba, 1 January: 13.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Collado-Villalba, 2 January: 19.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Collado-Villalba, 3 January: 10.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Collado-Villalba, 4 January: 10.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Madrid Madrid, 22 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Madrid, 23 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Madrid, 24 December: 10.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Madrid, 25 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Madrid, 26 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 4.0× usual Madrid, 27 December: 23.8 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Madrid, 28 December: 27.5 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Madrid, 29 December: 28.1 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Madrid, 30 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Madrid, 31 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Madrid, 1 January: 17.1 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Madrid, 2 January: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Madrid, 3 January: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Madrid, 4 January: 7.0 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Móstoles Móstoles, 22 December: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Móstoles, 23 December: 10.3 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Móstoles, 24 December: 12.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Móstoles, 25 December: 20.9 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Móstoles, 26 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Móstoles, 27 December: 25.5 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Móstoles, 28 December: 32.2 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Móstoles, 29 December: 30.8 µg/m³, 3.7× usual Móstoles, 30 December: 25.8 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Móstoles, 31 December: 10.1 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Móstoles, 1 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Móstoles, 2 January: 8.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Móstoles, 3 January: 3.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Móstoles, 4 January: 4.6 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Meyzieu Meyzieu, 22 December: 3.4 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Meyzieu, 23 December: 5.0 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Meyzieu, 24 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Meyzieu, 25 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Meyzieu, 26 December: 29.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Meyzieu, 27 December: 21.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Meyzieu, 28 December: 5.8 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Meyzieu, 29 December: 9.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Meyzieu, 30 December: 16.1 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Meyzieu, 31 December: 5.9 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Meyzieu, 1 January: no reading Meyzieu, 2 January: no reading Meyzieu, 3 January: 4.2 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Meyzieu, 4 January: 4.0 µg/m³, 0.3× usual León León, 22 December: 18.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual León, 23 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 24 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.3× usual León, 25 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual León, 26 December: 27.4 µg/m³, 2.9× usual León, 27 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 2.8× usual León, 28 December: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual León, 29 December: 15.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 30 December: 14.9 µg/m³, 1.6× usual León, 31 December: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 1 January: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 2 January: 8.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 3 January: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual León, 4 January: 12.5 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Lyon Lyon, 22 December: 2.5 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Lyon, 23 December: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lyon, 24 December: 15.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Lyon, 25 December: 24.8 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Lyon, 26 December: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Lyon, 27 December: 23.1 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Lyon, 28 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lyon, 29 December: 13.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Lyon, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lyon, 31 December: 6.4 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Lyon, 1 January: no reading Lyon, 2 January: no reading Lyon, 3 January: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lyon, 4 January: 6.3 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Montpellier Montpellier, 22 December: 1.8 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Montpellier, 23 December: 1.5 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Montpellier, 24 December: 15.0 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Montpellier, 25 December: 18.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Montpellier, 26 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Montpellier, 27 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Montpellier, 28 December: 21.2 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Montpellier, 29 December: 23.4 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Montpellier, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Montpellier, 31 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Montpellier, 1 January: no reading Montpellier, 2 January: no reading Montpellier, 3 January: 10.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Montpellier, 4 January: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Avignon Avignon, 22 December: 2.6 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Avignon, 23 December: 2.2 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Avignon, 24 December: 2.7 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Avignon, 25 December: 6.6 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Avignon, 26 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Avignon, 27 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Avignon, 28 December: 42.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Avignon, 29 December: 36.3 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Avignon, 30 December: 31.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Avignon, 31 December: 10.6 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Avignon, 1 January: no reading Avignon, 2 January: no reading Avignon, 3 January: 27.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Avignon, 4 January: 27.1 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Oviedo Oviedo, 22 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Oviedo, 23 December: 12.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 24 December: 17.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Oviedo, 25 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Oviedo, 26 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Oviedo, 27 December: 34.4 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Oviedo, 28 December: 22.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Oviedo, 29 December: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 30 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Oviedo, 31 December: 6.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Oviedo, 1 January: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Oviedo, 2 January: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Oviedo, 3 January: 14.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Oviedo, 4 January: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Sama Sama, 22 December: 18.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Sama, 23 December: 15.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Sama, 24 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sama, 25 December: 16.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Sama, 26 December: 22.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Sama, 27 December: 33.1 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Sama, 28 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Sama, 29 December: 12.1 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Sama, 30 December: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Sama, 31 December: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Sama, 1 January: 15.9 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Sama, 2 January: 12.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Sama, 3 January: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Sama, 4 January: 13.0 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Ciudad Real Ciudad Real, 22 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Ciudad Real, 23 December: 18.9 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Ciudad Real, 24 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Ciudad Real, 25 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Ciudad Real, 26 December: 17.4 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Ciudad Real, 27 December: 30.6 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Ciudad Real, 28 December: 29.6 µg/m³, 3.1× usual Ciudad Real, 29 December: 40.9 µg/m³, 4.4× usual Ciudad Real, 30 December: 34.3 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Ciudad Real, 31 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ciudad Real, 1 January: 8.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciudad Real, 2 January: 8.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciudad Real, 3 January: 4.3 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Ciudad Real, 4 January: 4.8 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarbes Tarbes, 22 December: 1.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Tarbes, 23 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Tarbes, 24 December: 18.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Tarbes, 25 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Tarbes, 26 December: 15.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Tarbes, 27 December: 29.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Tarbes, 28 December: 38.3 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Tarbes, 29 December: 24.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Tarbes, 30 December: 22.7 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Tarbes, 31 December: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarbes, 1 January: no reading Tarbes, 2 January: no reading Tarbes, 3 January: 11.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Tarbes, 4 January: 15.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Lourdes Lourdes, 22 December: 1.2 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Lourdes, 23 December: 8.6 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lourdes, 24 December: 12.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Lourdes, 25 December: 24.6 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lourdes, 26 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lourdes, 27 December: 26.2 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Lourdes, 28 December: 37.2 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Lourdes, 29 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Lourdes, 30 December: 22.1 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Lourdes, 31 December: 4.7 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lourdes, 1 January: no reading Lourdes, 2 January: no reading Lourdes, 3 January: 8.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lourdes, 4 January: 17.1 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Granada Granada, 22 December: 17.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Granada, 23 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Granada, 24 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Granada, 25 December: 23.2 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Granada, 26 December: 23.9 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Granada, 27 December: 25.7 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Granada, 28 December: 28.3 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Granada, 29 December: 30.5 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Granada, 30 December: 22.5 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Granada, 31 December: 20.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Granada, 1 January: 28.4 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Granada, 2 January: 10.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Granada, 3 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Granada, 4 January: 12.0 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Grenoble Grenoble, 22 December: 5.2 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Grenoble, 23 December: 5.7 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Grenoble, 24 December: 12.7 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Grenoble, 25 December: 21.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Grenoble, 26 December: 24.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grenoble, 27 December: 25.6 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Grenoble, 28 December: 40.0 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Grenoble, 29 December: 39.1 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Grenoble, 30 December: 24.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grenoble, 31 December: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Grenoble, 1 January: no reading Grenoble, 2 January: no reading Grenoble, 3 January: 10.8 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Grenoble, 4 January: 8.2 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Cuenca Cuenca, 22 December: 8.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Cuenca, 23 December: 16.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cuenca, 24 December: 12.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Cuenca, 25 December: 12.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Cuenca, 26 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Cuenca, 27 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Cuenca, 28 December: 30.7 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Cuenca, 29 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Cuenca, 30 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Cuenca, 31 December: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Cuenca, 1 January: 9.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Cuenca, 2 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Cuenca, 3 January: 8.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Cuenca, 4 January: 6.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Coslada Coslada, 22 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Coslada, 23 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Coslada, 24 December: 15.6 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Coslada, 25 December: 18.0 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Coslada, 26 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Coslada, 27 December: 24.2 µg/m³, 2.7× usual Coslada, 28 December: 28.9 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Coslada, 29 December: 26.7 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Coslada, 30 December: 20.3 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Coslada, 31 December: 11.8 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Coslada, 1 January: 23.1 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Coslada, 2 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Coslada, 3 January: 7.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Coslada, 4 January: 9.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Fréjus Fréjus, 22 December: 0.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Fréjus, 23 December: 9.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Fréjus, 24 December: 15.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Fréjus, 25 December: 19.7 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Fréjus, 26 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Fréjus, 27 December: 17.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Fréjus, 28 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Fréjus, 29 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 3.2× usual Fréjus, 30 December: 20.4 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Fréjus, 31 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Fréjus, 1 January: no reading Fréjus, 2 January: no reading Fréjus, 3 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Fréjus, 4 January: 4.4 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Capannori Capannori, 22 December: 36.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Capannori, 23 December: 21.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Capannori, 24 December: 49.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Capannori, 25 December: 35.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Capannori, 26 December: 53.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 27 December: 54.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 28 December: 54.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 29 December: 90.3 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Capannori, 30 December: 35.0 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Capannori, 31 December: 55.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Capannori, 1 January: no reading Capannori, 2 January: no reading Capannori, 3 January: no reading Capannori, 4 January: 28.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida Lleida, 22 December: 2.8 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Lleida, 23 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Lleida, 24 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 25 December: 12.0 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Lleida, 26 December: 15.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 27 December: 24.0 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Lleida, 28 December: 39.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Lleida, 29 December: 74.9 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Lleida, 30 December: 80.9 µg/m³, 3.9× usual Lleida, 31 December: 53.4 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Lleida, 1 January: 16.7 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Lleida, 2 January: 36.5 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Lleida, 3 January: 49.6 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Lleida, 4 January: 35.6 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Arles Arles, 22 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Arles, 23 December: 3.8 µg/m³, 0.3× usual Arles, 24 December: 4.9 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Arles, 25 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 26 December: 19.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Arles, 27 December: 20.3 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arles, 28 December: 14.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 29 December: 49.0 µg/m³, 3.6× usual Arles, 30 December: 36.0 µg/m³, 2.6× usual Arles, 31 December: 13.3 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Arles, 1 January: no reading Arles, 2 January: no reading Arles, 3 January: 20.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Arles, 4 January: 12.9 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Valencia Valencia, 22 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Valencia, 23 December: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Valencia, 24 December: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Valencia, 25 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valencia, 26 December: 16.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Valencia, 27 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Valencia, 28 December: 22.2 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Valencia, 29 December: 37.1 µg/m³, 4.2× usual Valencia, 30 December: 33.1 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Valencia, 31 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Valencia, 1 January: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Valencia, 2 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Valencia, 3 January: 5.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Valencia, 4 January: 8.6 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Córdoba Córdoba, 22 December: 16.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Córdoba, 23 December: 16.9 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Córdoba, 24 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Córdoba, 25 December: 21.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Córdoba, 26 December: 23.2 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Córdoba, 27 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Córdoba, 28 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Córdoba, 29 December: 32.8 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Córdoba, 30 December: 28.6 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Córdoba, 31 December: 29.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Córdoba, 1 January: 36.6 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Córdoba, 2 January: no reading Córdoba, 3 January: no reading Córdoba, 4 January: no reading Castres Castres, 22 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Castres, 23 December: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.4× usual Castres, 24 December: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Castres, 25 December: 18.1 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 26 December: 23.7 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Castres, 27 December: 18.3 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 28 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Castres, 29 December: 28.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Castres, 30 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Castres, 31 December: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Castres, 1 January: no reading Castres, 2 January: no reading Castres, 3 January: 24.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Castres, 4 January: 15.7 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Barcelona Barcelona, 22 December: 9.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Barcelona, 23 December: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Barcelona, 24 December: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Barcelona, 25 December: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Barcelona, 26 December: 19.1 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Barcelona, 27 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Barcelona, 28 December: 22.8 µg/m³, 2.3× usual Barcelona, 29 December: 27.9 µg/m³, 2.8× usual Barcelona, 30 December: 32.0 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Barcelona, 31 December: 20.5 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Barcelona, 1 January: 18.9 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Barcelona, 2 January: 10.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Barcelona, 3 January: 11.2 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Barcelona, 4 January: 13.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Tarragona Tarragona, 22 December: 5.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Tarragona, 23 December: 4.7 µg/m³, 0.5× usual Tarragona, 24 December: 9.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Tarragona, 25 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Tarragona, 26 December: 7.8 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Tarragona, 27 December: 14.1 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Tarragona, 28 December: 19.9 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Tarragona, 29 December: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Tarragona, 30 December: 24.1 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Tarragona, 31 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Tarragona, 1 January: 8.3 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Tarragona, 2 January: 6.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Tarragona, 3 January: 5.5 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Tarragona, 4 January: 13.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Toledo Toledo, 22 December: 9.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toledo, 23 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Toledo, 24 December: 12.4 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Toledo, 25 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Toledo, 26 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 27 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 28 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Toledo, 29 December: 27.3 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Toledo, 30 December: 23.0 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Toledo, 31 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Toledo, 1 January: 9.6 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Toledo, 2 January: 9.4 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toledo, 3 January: 9.5 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Toledo, 4 January: 7.0 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Grao de Murviedro Grao de Murviedro, 22 December: 4.4 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 23 December: 4.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Grao de Murviedro, 24 December: 7.2 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Grao de Murviedro, 25 December: 6.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Grao de Murviedro, 26 December: 8.2 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Grao de Murviedro, 27 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Grao de Murviedro, 28 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Grao de Murviedro, 29 December: 25.3 µg/m³, 4.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 30 December: 20.4 µg/m³, 3.8× usual Grao de Murviedro, 31 December: 12.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Grao de Murviedro, 1 January: 3.5 µg/m³, 0.7× usual Grao de Murviedro, 2 January: 6.5 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Grao de Murviedro, 3 January: 3.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Grao de Murviedro, 4 January: 9.1 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Algeciras Algeciras, 22 December: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Algeciras, 23 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Algeciras, 24 December: 14.4 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Algeciras, 25 December: 11.7 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Algeciras, 26 December: 11.0 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Algeciras, 27 December: 16.6 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Algeciras, 28 December: 21.0 µg/m³, 2.5× usual Algeciras, 29 December: 25.0 µg/m³, 2.9× usual Algeciras, 30 December: 17.6 µg/m³, 2.1× usual Algeciras, 31 December: 14.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Algeciras, 1 January: 9.8 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Algeciras, 2 January: 10.6 µg/m³, 1.2× usual Algeciras, 3 January: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Algeciras, 4 January: 14.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Barrio de Peral Barrio de Peral, 22 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 23 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 24 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 25 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 26 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 27 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 28 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 29 December: no reading Barrio de Peral, 30 December: 32.3 µg/m³, 3.5× usual Barrio de Peral, 31 December: 22.0 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Barrio de Peral, 1 January: 12.5 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Barrio de Peral, 2 January: 13.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Barrio de Peral, 3 January: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Barrio de Peral, 4 January: 7.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Nîmes Nîmes, 22 December: 1.1 µg/m³, 0.1× usual Nîmes, 23 December: 2.9 µg/m³, 0.2× usual Nîmes, 24 December: 7.7 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Nîmes, 25 December: 19.5 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Nîmes, 26 December: 21.3 µg/m³, 1.8× usual Nîmes, 27 December: 20.2 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Nîmes, 28 December: 23.5 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Nîmes, 29 December: 24.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Nîmes, 30 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Nîmes, 31 December: 11.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Nîmes, 1 January: no reading Nîmes, 2 January: no reading Nîmes, 3 January: 27.0 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Nîmes, 4 January: 13.7 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Ciutadella Ciutadella, 22 December: no reading Ciutadella, 23 December: no reading Ciutadella, 24 December: no reading Ciutadella, 25 December: no reading Ciutadella, 26 December: no reading Ciutadella, 27 December: no reading Ciutadella, 28 December: no reading Ciutadella, 29 December: no reading Ciutadella, 30 December: 26.9 µg/m³, 3.4× usual Ciutadella, 31 December: 17.5 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Ciutadella, 1 January: 6.2 µg/m³, 0.8× usual Ciutadella, 2 January: 7.1 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Ciutadella, 3 January: 9.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Ciutadella, 4 January: 8.1 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Huelva Huelva, 22 December: 14.6 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Huelva, 23 December: 14.7 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Huelva, 24 December: 19.0 µg/m³, 1.9× usual Huelva, 25 December: 17.0 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Huelva, 26 December: 13.8 µg/m³, 1.4× usual Huelva, 27 December: 8.7 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Huelva, 28 December: 16.0 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Huelva, 29 December: 19.8 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Huelva, 30 December: 22.4 µg/m³, 2.2× usual Huelva, 31 December: 30.3 µg/m³, 3.0× usual Huelva, 1 January: 16.3 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Huelva, 2 January: 16.6 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Huelva, 3 January: 11.4 µg/m³, 1.1× usual Huelva, 4 January: 8.9 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Paredes Paredes, 22 December: 38.2 µg/m³, 3.3× usual Paredes, 23 December: 23.3 µg/m³, 2.0× usual Paredes, 24 December: 17.4 µg/m³, 1.5× usual Paredes, 25 December: 19.6 µg/m³, 1.7× usual Paredes, 26 December: 15.3 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Paredes, 27 December: 18.8 µg/m³, 1.6× usual Paredes, 28 December: 7.4 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Paredes, 29 December: 10.8 µg/m³, 0.9× usual Paredes, 30 December: 7.3 µg/m³, 0.6× usual Paredes, 31 December: 11.9 µg/m³, 1.0× usual Paredes, 1 January: 27.3 µg/m³, 2.4× usual Paredes, 2 January: no reading Paredes, 3 January: 14.9 µg/m³, 1.3× usual Paredes, 4 January: 9.3 µg/m³, 0.8× usual 22 Dec 24 26 28 30 1 Jan 3 Every counted city, in the order the episode reached them, 3 days before to 3 after. Each square is a day, coloured by that day's PM2.5; outlined: at twice the city's usual or more. Good 0–50
Moderate 51–100
Sensitive groups 101–150
Unhealthy 151–200
Very unhealthy 201–300
Hazardous 301+
Every city it reached
City Days Highest Usual Above usual
Torrevieja Valencia, Spain 6 30 December 7.1 6.2× Grao de Murviedro Valencia, Spain 1 29 December 5.3 4.8× Amora Setúbal, Portugal 1 24 December 9.8 4.5× Ciudad Real Castille-La Mancha, Spain 4 29 December 9.4 4.4× Valencia Valencia, Spain 2 29 December 8.8 4.2× Valdemoro Madrid, Spain 6 25 December 10.8 4.2× Cartagena Murcia, Spain 6 30 December 8.8 4.2× Madrid Madrid, Spain 3 26 December 7.4 4.0× Cacém Lisbon, Portugal 2 25 December 8.5 4.0× Lleida Catalonia, Spain 2 30 December 21.0 3.9× Móstoles Madrid, Spain 5 28 December 8.4 3.8× Arles Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 2 29 December 13.7 3.6× Barrio de Peral Murcia, Spain 1 30 December 9.1 3.5× Lourdes Occitanie, France 2 28 December 10.6 3.5× Ciutadella Balearic Islands, Spain 1 30 December 7.8 3.4× Paredes Porto, Portugal 1 22 December 11.6 3.3× Coslada Madrid, Spain 2 28 December 8.8 3.3× Barcelona Catalonia, Spain 2 30 December 9.8 3.3× Manlleu Catalonia, Spain 4 29 December 30.3 3.3× Oviedo Asturias, Spain 1 27 December 10.8 3.2× Fréjus Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 2 29 December 9.0 3.2× Collado-Villalba Madrid, Spain 4 28 December 9.9 3.1× Mollet del Vallès Catalonia, Spain 5 29 December 17.5 3.0× Toledo Castille-La Mancha, Spain 1 29 December 9.1 3.0× Huelva Andalusia, Spain 1 31 December 10.1 3.0× Cuenca Castille-La Mancha, Spain 1 28 December 10.3 3.0× Algeciras Andalusia, Spain 1 29 December 8.5 2.9× Granada Andalusia, Spain 4 29 December 10.4 2.9× Tarragona Catalonia, Spain 1 29 December 9.6 2.9× León Castille and León, Spain 2 26 December 9.5 2.9× Sama Asturias, Spain 1 27 December 11.5 2.9× Murcia Murcia, Spain 7 28 December 20.1 2.9× Tarbes Occitanie, France 2 28 December 13.5 2.8× Sevilla Andalusia, Spain 5 24 December 13.2 2.7× Capannori Tuscany, Italy 1 29 December 34.5 2.6× Avignon Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France 3 28 December 16.3 2.6× Bailén Andalusia, Spain 6 29 December 15.8 2.5× Córdoba Andalusia, Spain 4 1 January 14.8 2.5× Montpellier Occitanie, France 1 26 December 10.7 2.5× Meyzieu Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 1 26 December 12.4 2.4× Nîmes Occitanie, France 1 30 December 12.1 2.4× Grenoble Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 2 28 December 17.5 2.3× Lyon Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France 1 26 December 12.9 2.1× Castres Occitanie, France 1 29 December 13.4 2.1×
Daily means in µg/m³. Usual: the city's median for this time of year (its days within 21 days of the date, every year, leaving out the week around it). Above usual: its highest day against that.
Against other episodes in Spain and France
Number 10 of 58 episodes in Spain and France since our records began, by cities reached.
Central Europe, February and March 2023 274 Central Europe, December 2025 to January 2026 170 Western Europe, March 2023 119 Western Europe, January 2024 117 Western Europe, December 2024 75 North-eastern Spain and France, February 2023 72 France, The Netherlands and United Kingdom, January 2023 66 Central Europe, June 2025 63 North-eastern Spain, August 2025 44 North-eastern Spain and France, December 2023 to January 2024 44 France, Belgium and United Kingdom, November and December 2023 43 South-western Europe, February 2024 37 Bars: cities reached; colour: the level of the episode's highest daily reading. All 58 .
Use this page SmogRank, North-eastern Spain and France, December 2023 to January 2024: 44 cities with PM2.5 at twice their usual or more, 25 December 2023 to 1 January 2024, smogrank.com/episodes/2023-12-north-eastern-spain-and-france (accessed 3 October 2026).
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You're welcome to reuse a single chart, image or figure with this citation and a link. Terms .
An episode is a run of days when many cities close to each other (four or more within 350 km on a day, 8 or more in all) each had a daily PM2.5 mean of at least 25 µg/m³ and at least 2 times their usual for that time of year. Found in our own measurements, not picked by hand. How we find episodes . Values are each city's daily mean of its own monitors; causes are the usual kinds for a pattern like this, not a confirmed source.
