SmogRank / Episodes / United States

Western United States and Mexico, December 2023

For 5 days, from 24 to 28 December 2023, 32 cities in the United States and Mexico had PM2.5 at least twice their usual for the time of year. The worst reading was Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico: 82.9 µg/m³ on 25 December, about 2.5× its usual 33.2.

No cause namedWe have no fire or smoke records for these days, so we only say what the measurements show.
Cities reached32in 2 countries
Days524 to 28 December 2023
Worst day25 December21 cities counted
Furthest above usual4.0×Phoenix

Day by day

25 December 21 cities at twice their usual or more
Summerlin SouthSpring ValleyEnterpriseVictorvilleHendersonLancasterBoulder CityBanningGlendoraLa Crescenta-MontroseSanta ClaritaBurbankLake ElsinoreLos AngelesInglewoodSanta MonicaSimi ValleyFillmoreAgouraThousand OaksMesquiteOceansideFresnoPowayEl CajonSanta BarbaraBrawleyChula VistaImperial BeachEl CentroHurricaneMexicaliNipomoOrcuttArroyo GrandeAtascaderoLompocSan Luis ObispoYumaCedar CitySouth Lake TahoeCarson CityRenoSpanish SpringsHollisterTruckeeGilroySalinasTracyGaltFolsomRosevilleLivermoreSan JoseLincolnSanta CruzSacramentoPleasantonDavisConcordSan LeandroWoodlandRedwood CityVacavilleYuba CityOaklandRichmondSan FranciscoApache JunctionSan RafaelCasa GrandeParadiseSpanish ForkOremMaranaCorcoranHanfordLas VegasLong BeachBakersfieldTorranceCalexicoAnaheimModestoTijuanaMantecaClovisMercedCarsonPortervilleVisaliaMesaSan DiegoTurlockMaderaComptonHawthorneTempeChicoLomitaArden-ArcadeStocktonJurupa ValleyFontanaRiversideGlendalePhoenix
21 Dec22232425262728293031
Every measured city in the area, coloured by its PM2.5 that day; a dark ring marks a city at twice its usual or more. Bars: cities counted each day, coloured by their median level. Choose a day or press play; without JavaScript, the days link to that day's world ranking.

How it spread

MaderaMadera, 21 December: 5.8 µg/m³Madera, 22 December: 12.5 µg/m³Madera, 23 December: 17.9 µg/m³Madera, 24 December: 32.1 µg/m³, 2.3× its usual 13.7Madera, 25 December: 37.3 µg/m³, 2.8× its usual 13.3Madera, 26 December: 29.6 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 13.2Madera, 27 December: 25.0 µg/m³Madera, 28 December: 12.3 µg/m³Madera, 29 December: 4.8 µg/m³Madera, 30 December: 4.1 µg/m³Madera, 31 December: 7.0 µg/m³StocktonStockton, 21 December: 10.1 µg/m³Stockton, 22 December: 11.4 µg/m³Stockton, 23 December: 18.5 µg/m³Stockton, 24 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 2.3× its usual 12.5Stockton, 25 December: 39.8 µg/m³, 3.2× its usual 12.3Stockton, 26 December: 37.0 µg/m³, 3.0× its usual 12.5Stockton, 27 December: 22.9 µg/m³Stockton, 28 December: 16.8 µg/m³Stockton, 29 December: 12.6 µg/m³Stockton, 30 December: 7.1 µg/m³Stockton, 31 December: 17.5 µg/m³Arden-ArcadeArden-Arcade, 21 December: 8.9 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 22 December: 11.0 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 23 December: 20.2 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 24 December: 27.8 µg/m³, 2.9× its usual 9.6Arden-Arcade, 25 December: 28.8 µg/m³, 2.9× its usual 9.8Arden-Arcade, 26 December: 30.1 µg/m³, 3.2× its usual 9.4Arden-Arcade, 27 December: 15.6 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 28 December: 6.8 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 29 December: 7.3 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 30 December: 6.4 µg/m³Arden-Arcade, 31 December: 6.0 µg/m³TurlockTurlock, 21 December: 11.1 µg/m³Turlock, 22 December: 13.7 µg/m³Turlock, 23 December: 10.4 µg/m³Turlock, 24 December: 26.4 µg/m³, 2.1× its usual 12.7Turlock, 25 December: 28.4 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 12.7Turlock, 26 December: 32.7 µg/m³, 2.6× its usual 12.7Turlock, 27 December: 35.4 µg/m³, 2.8× its usual 12.7Turlock, 28 December: 15.1 µg/m³Turlock, 29 December: 10.0 µg/m³Turlock, 30 December: 4.7 µg/m³Turlock, 31 December: 10.8 µg/m³TijuanaTijuana, 21 December: 18.3 µg/m³Tijuana, 22 December: 16.7 µg/m³Tijuana, 23 December: 32.2 µg/m³Tijuana, 24 December: 39.1 µg/m³Tijuana, 25 December: 82.9 µg/m³, 2.5× its usual 33.2Tijuana, 26 December: 41.7 µg/m³Tijuana, 27 December: 46.3 µg/m³Tijuana, 28 December: 40.5 µg/m³Tijuana, 29 December: 52.6 µg/m³Tijuana, 30 December: 35.8 µg/m³Tijuana, 31 December: 36.0 µg/m³PhoenixPhoenix, 21 December: 7.7 µg/m³Phoenix, 22 December: 6.7 µg/m³Phoenix, 23 December: 7.5 µg/m³Phoenix, 24 December: 34.1 µg/m³Phoenix, 25 December: 71.0 µg/m³, 4.0× its usual 17.8Phoenix, 26 December: 29.5 µg/m³Phoenix, 27 December: 17.5 µg/m³Phoenix, 28 December: 22.3 µg/m³Phoenix, 29 December: 19.3 µg/m³Phoenix, 30 December: 8.2 µg/m³Phoenix, 31 December: 25.3 µg/m³ComptonCompton, 21 December: 4.6 µg/m³Compton, 22 December: 6.0 µg/m³Compton, 23 December: 16.7 µg/m³Compton, 24 December: 35.0 µg/m³Compton, 25 December: 51.9 µg/m³, 2.9× its usual 18.0Compton, 26 December: 25.2 µg/m³Compton, 27 December: 23.3 µg/m³Compton, 28 December: 22.1 µg/m³Compton, 29 December: 24.8 µg/m³Compton, 30 December: 8.3 µg/m³Compton, 31 December: 26.0 µg/m³HawthorneHawthorne, 21 December: 3.9 µg/m³Hawthorne, 22 December: 4.1 µg/m³Hawthorne, 23 December: 11.8 µg/m³Hawthorne, 24 December: 24.2 µg/m³Hawthorne, 25 December: 47.6 µg/m³, 3.0× its usual 15.8Hawthorne, 26 December: 30.5 µg/m³Hawthorne, 27 December: 22.0 µg/m³Hawthorne, 28 December: 22.9 µg/m³Hawthorne, 29 December: 22.5 µg/m³Hawthorne, 30 December: 8.1 µg/m³Hawthorne, 31 December: 16.1 µg/m³GlendaleGlendale, 21 December: 7.6 µg/m³Glendale, 22 December: 5.6 µg/m³Glendale, 23 December: 8.0 µg/m³Glendale, 24 December: 31.9 µg/m³Glendale, 25 December: 40.9 µg/m³, 3.9× its usual 10.6Glendale, 26 December: 19.3 µg/m³Glendale, 27 December: 15.6 µg/m³Glendale, 28 December: 16.1 µg/m³Glendale, 29 December: 8.3 µg/m³Glendale, 30 December: 5.7 µg/m³Glendale, 31 December: 30.6 µg/m³CarsonCarson, 21 December: 3.6 µg/m³Carson, 22 December: 3.7 µg/m³Carson, 23 December: 10.1 µg/m³Carson, 24 December: 18.0 µg/m³Carson, 25 December: 37.0 µg/m³, 2.6× its usual 14.0Carson, 26 December: 28.2 µg/m³, 2.0× its usual 13.9Carson, 27 December: 25.9 µg/m³Carson, 28 December: 23.0 µg/m³Carson, 29 December: 23.7 µg/m³Carson, 30 December: 6.3 µg/m³Carson, 31 December: 13.7 µg/m³Jurupa ValleyJurupa Valley, 21 December: 4.1 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 22 December: 8.5 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 23 December: 11.7 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 24 December: 24.5 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 25 December: 33.1 µg/m³, 2.3× its usual 14.3Jurupa Valley, 26 December: 26.9 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 27 December: 27.3 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 28 December: 45.7 µg/m³, 3.2× its usual 14.1Jurupa Valley, 29 December: 31.0 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 30 December: 21.4 µg/m³Jurupa Valley, 31 December: 13.9 µg/m³MercedMerced, 21 December: 10.8 µg/m³Merced, 22 December: 11.4 µg/m³Merced, 23 December: 17.1 µg/m³Merced, 24 December: 26.9 µg/m³Merced, 25 December: 32.9 µg/m³, 2.4× its usual 13.7Merced, 26 December: 32.4 µg/m³, 2.4× its usual 13.6Merced, 27 December: 34.1 µg/m³, 2.6× its usual 13.2Merced, 28 December: 14.1 µg/m³Merced, 29 December: 7.1 µg/m³Merced, 30 December: 5.1 µg/m³Merced, 31 December: 8.8 µg/m³CalexicoCalexico, 21 December: no readingCalexico, 22 December: 4.3 µg/m³Calexico, 23 December: 20.9 µg/m³Calexico, 24 December: 38.2 µg/m³Calexico, 25 December: 31.2 µg/m³, 2.5× its usual 12.5Calexico, 26 December: 20.6 µg/m³Calexico, 27 December: 23.8 µg/m³Calexico, 28 December: 20.9 µg/m³Calexico, 29 December: 10.6 µg/m³Calexico, 30 December: 15.2 µg/m³Calexico, 31 December: 13.7 µg/m³Long BeachLong Beach, 21 December: 3.2 µg/m³Long Beach, 22 December: 3.1 µg/m³Long Beach, 23 December: 8.9 µg/m³Long Beach, 24 December: 13.1 µg/m³Long Beach, 25 December: 31.1 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 13.9Long Beach, 26 December: 20.2 µg/m³Long Beach, 27 December: 20.6 µg/m³Long Beach, 28 December: 16.2 µg/m³Long Beach, 29 December: 15.5 µg/m³Long Beach, 30 December: 4.4 µg/m³Long Beach, 31 December: 10.5 µg/m³TempeTempe, 21 December: 4.9 µg/m³Tempe, 22 December: 5.5 µg/m³Tempe, 23 December: 5.5 µg/m³Tempe, 24 December: 20.5 µg/m³Tempe, 25 December: 29.9 µg/m³, 3.1× its usual 9.5Tempe, 26 December: 14.4 µg/m³Tempe, 27 December: 15.7 µg/m³Tempe, 28 December: 16.1 µg/m³Tempe, 29 December: 11.5 µg/m³Tempe, 30 December: 6.7 µg/m³Tempe, 31 December: 14.1 µg/m³Las VegasLas Vegas, 21 December: 11.1 µg/m³Las Vegas, 22 December: 10.2 µg/m³Las Vegas, 23 December: 12.0 µg/m³Las Vegas, 24 December: 17.5 µg/m³Las Vegas, 25 December: 28.5 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 12.9Las Vegas, 26 December: 13.9 µg/m³Las Vegas, 27 December: 19.7 µg/m³Las Vegas, 28 December: 19.3 µg/m³Las Vegas, 29 December: 17.7 µg/m³Las Vegas, 30 December: 15.6 µg/m³Las Vegas, 31 December: 14.8 µg/m³TorranceTorrance, 21 December: 3.5 µg/m³Torrance, 22 December: 3.7 µg/m³Torrance, 23 December: 10.1 µg/m³Torrance, 24 December: 15.5 µg/m³Torrance, 25 December: 28.2 µg/m³, 2.4× its usual 11.8Torrance, 26 December: 24.6 µg/m³Torrance, 27 December: 25.0 µg/m³, 2.1× its usual 11.8Torrance, 28 December: 18.9 µg/m³Torrance, 29 December: 20.8 µg/m³Torrance, 30 December: 5.9 µg/m³Torrance, 31 December: 12.8 µg/m³ModestoModesto, 21 December: 8.9 µg/m³Modesto, 22 December: 10.5 µg/m³Modesto, 23 December: 9.6 µg/m³Modesto, 24 December: 22.0 µg/m³Modesto, 25 December: 27.9 µg/m³, 2.1× its usual 13.0Modesto, 26 December: 32.8 µg/m³, 2.5× its usual 13.1Modesto, 27 December: 30.6 µg/m³, 2.4× its usual 12.7Modesto, 28 December: 14.8 µg/m³Modesto, 29 December: 11.7 µg/m³Modesto, 30 December: 5.7 µg/m³Modesto, 31 December: 13.1 µg/m³ChicoChico, 21 December: 9.3 µg/m³Chico, 22 December: 8.1 µg/m³Chico, 23 December: 11.3 µg/m³Chico, 24 December: 17.4 µg/m³Chico, 25 December: 26.8 µg/m³, 3.2× its usual 8.4Chico, 26 December: 16.1 µg/m³Chico, 27 December: 13.8 µg/m³Chico, 28 December: 7.2 µg/m³Chico, 29 December: 5.5 µg/m³Chico, 30 December: 6.7 µg/m³Chico, 31 December: 11.1 µg/m³RiversideRiverside, 21 December: 2.8 µg/m³Riverside, 22 December: 6.2 µg/m³Riverside, 23 December: 9.0 µg/m³Riverside, 24 December: 19.8 µg/m³Riverside, 25 December: 25.6 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 11.4Riverside, 26 December: 21.9 µg/m³Riverside, 27 December: 21.8 µg/m³Riverside, 28 December: 40.6 µg/m³, 3.5× its usual 11.6Riverside, 29 December: 24.0 µg/m³Riverside, 30 December: 19.0 µg/m³Riverside, 31 December: 11.7 µg/m³MesaMesa, 21 December: 6.7 µg/m³Mesa, 22 December: 5.1 µg/m³Mesa, 23 December: 6.7 µg/m³Mesa, 24 December: 32.1 µg/m³Mesa, 25 December: 25.5 µg/m³, 2.8× its usual 9.1Mesa, 26 December: 15.5 µg/m³Mesa, 27 December: 11.0 µg/m³Mesa, 28 December: 14.7 µg/m³Mesa, 29 December: 9.6 µg/m³Mesa, 30 December: 5.0 µg/m³Mesa, 31 December: 16.9 µg/m³VisaliaVisalia, 21 December: 7.8 µg/m³Visalia, 22 December: 20.7 µg/m³Visalia, 23 December: 19.9 µg/m³Visalia, 24 December: 23.6 µg/m³Visalia, 25 December: 31.0 µg/m³Visalia, 26 December: 42.9 µg/m³, 2.7× its usual 15.9Visalia, 27 December: 30.3 µg/m³Visalia, 28 December: 14.3 µg/m³Visalia, 29 December: 8.6 µg/m³Visalia, 30 December: 11.5 µg/m³Visalia, 31 December: 8.4 µg/m³BakersfieldBakersfield, 21 December: 5.7 µg/m³Bakersfield, 22 December: 12.4 µg/m³Bakersfield, 23 December: 21.0 µg/m³Bakersfield, 24 December: 23.9 µg/m³Bakersfield, 25 December: 30.8 µg/m³Bakersfield, 26 December: 38.4 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 17.3Bakersfield, 27 December: 37.6 µg/m³, 2.2× its usual 17.4Bakersfield, 28 December: 31.0 µg/m³Bakersfield, 29 December: 12.7 µg/m³Bakersfield, 30 December: 7.2 µg/m³Bakersfield, 31 December: 19.5 µg/m³HanfordHanford, 21 December: 8.7 µg/m³Hanford, 22 December: 19.8 µg/m³Hanford, 23 December: 23.4 µg/m³Hanford, 24 December: 16.6 µg/m³Hanford, 25 December: 27.0 µg/m³Hanford, 26 December: 36.5 µg/m³, 2.1× its usual 17.1Hanford, 27 December: 31.9 µg/m³Hanford, 28 December: 26.2 µg/m³Hanford, 29 December: 12.7 µg/m³Hanford, 30 December: 6.5 µg/m³Hanford, 31 December: 9.0 µg/m³ClovisClovis, 21 December: 7.3 µg/m³Clovis, 22 December: 13.9 µg/m³Clovis, 23 December: 22.7 µg/m³Clovis, 24 December: 24.1 µg/m³Clovis, 25 December: 24.0 µg/m³Clovis, 26 December: 34.0 µg/m³, 2.6× its usual 13.2Clovis, 27 December: 22.4 µg/m³Clovis, 28 December: 12.2 µg/m³Clovis, 29 December: 7.0 µg/m³Clovis, 30 December: 6.1 µg/m³Clovis, 31 December: 6.5 µg/m³CorcoranCorcoran, 21 December: 5.9 µg/m³Corcoran, 22 December: 15.0 µg/m³Corcoran, 23 December: 20.3 µg/m³Corcoran, 24 December: 16.2 µg/m³Corcoran, 25 December: 22.5 µg/m³Corcoran, 26 December: 29.3 µg/m³, 2.0× its usual 14.4Corcoran, 27 December: 21.0 µg/m³Corcoran, 28 December: 21.7 µg/m³Corcoran, 29 December: 8.6 µg/m³Corcoran, 30 December: 5.5 µg/m³Corcoran, 31 December: 8.1 µg/m³MantecaManteca, 21 December: 8.1 µg/m³Manteca, 22 December: 8.1 µg/m³Manteca, 23 December: 11.1 µg/m³Manteca, 24 December: 16.3 µg/m³Manteca, 25 December: 21.5 µg/m³Manteca, 26 December: 29.2 µg/m³, 2.6× its usual 11.4Manteca, 27 December: 20.5 µg/m³Manteca, 28 December: 12.4 µg/m³Manteca, 29 December: 14.0 µg/m³Manteca, 30 December: 3.3 µg/m³Manteca, 31 December: 10.8 µg/m³PortervillePorterville, 21 December: 7.1 µg/m³Porterville, 22 December: 14.0 µg/m³Porterville, 23 December: 17.2 µg/m³Porterville, 24 December: 17.7 µg/m³Porterville, 25 December: 21.6 µg/m³Porterville, 26 December: 27.7 µg/m³, 2.7× its usual 10.4Porterville, 27 December: 19.7 µg/m³Porterville, 28 December: 7.4 µg/m³Porterville, 29 December: 8.4 µg/m³Porterville, 30 December: 6.8 µg/m³Porterville, 31 December: 6.0 µg/m³LomitaLomita, 21 December: 3.2 µg/m³Lomita, 22 December: 3.1 µg/m³Lomita, 23 December: 7.3 µg/m³Lomita, 24 December: 12.1 µg/m³Lomita, 25 December: 16.2 µg/m³Lomita, 26 December: 25.7 µg/m³, 3.1× its usual 8.4Lomita, 27 December: 27.2 µg/m³, 3.2× its usual 8.5Lomita, 28 December: 18.9 µg/m³Lomita, 29 December: 17.9 µg/m³Lomita, 30 December: 4.2 µg/m³Lomita, 31 December: 7.3 µg/m³San DiegoSan Diego, 21 December: 5.1 µg/m³San Diego, 22 December: 5.2 µg/m³San Diego, 23 December: 9.0 µg/m³San Diego, 24 December: 13.2 µg/m³San Diego, 25 December: 14.7 µg/m³San Diego, 26 December: 16.8 µg/m³San Diego, 27 December: 26.2 µg/m³, 2.8× its usual 9.5San Diego, 28 December: 22.9 µg/m³San Diego, 29 December: 27.8 µg/m³San Diego, 30 December: 14.5 µg/m³San Diego, 31 December: 13.3 µg/m³FontanaFontana, 21 December: 4.5 µg/m³Fontana, 22 December: 3.9 µg/m³Fontana, 23 December: 6.2 µg/m³Fontana, 24 December: 21.7 µg/m³Fontana, 25 December: 17.3 µg/m³Fontana, 26 December: 17.4 µg/m³Fontana, 27 December: 19.7 µg/m³Fontana, 28 December: 33.6 µg/m³, 3.4× its usual 10.0Fontana, 29 December: 28.2 µg/m³Fontana, 30 December: 17.7 µg/m³Fontana, 31 December: 18.0 µg/m³AnaheimAnaheim, 21 December: 5.0 µg/m³Anaheim, 22 December: 5.4 µg/m³Anaheim, 23 December: 8.4 µg/m³Anaheim, 24 December: 18.4 µg/m³Anaheim, 25 December: 21.8 µg/m³Anaheim, 26 December: 23.8 µg/m³Anaheim, 27 December: 21.7 µg/m³Anaheim, 28 December: 31.9 µg/m³, 2.5× its usual 12.7Anaheim, 29 December: 24.4 µg/m³Anaheim, 30 December: 10.9 µg/m³Anaheim, 31 December: 13.2 µg/m³21 Dec2325272931
Every counted city, in the order the episode reached them, 3 days before to 3 after. Each square is a day, coloured by that day's PM2.5; outlined: at twice the city's usual or more.
Good0–50
Moderate51–100
Sensitive groups101–150
Unhealthy151–200
Very unhealthy201–300
Hazardous301+

Every city it reached

CityDaysHighestUsualAbove usual
PhoenixArizona, United States1 71.025 December17.84.0×
GlendaleArizona, United States1 40.925 December10.63.9×
RiversideCalifornia, United States2 40.628 December11.63.5×
FontanaCalifornia, United States1 33.628 December10.03.4×
Jurupa ValleyCalifornia, United States2 45.728 December14.13.2×
StocktonCalifornia, United States3 39.825 December12.33.2×
Arden-ArcadeCalifornia, United States3 30.126 December9.43.2×
LomitaCalifornia, United States2 27.227 December8.53.2×
ChicoCalifornia, United States1 26.825 December8.43.2×
TempeArizona, United States1 29.925 December9.53.1×
HawthorneCalifornia, United States1 47.625 December15.83.0×
ComptonCalifornia, United States1 51.925 December18.02.9×
MaderaCalifornia, United States3 37.325 December13.32.8×
TurlockCalifornia, United States4 35.427 December12.72.8×
San DiegoCalifornia, United States1 26.227 December9.52.8×
MesaArizona, United States1 25.525 December9.12.8×
VisaliaCalifornia, United States1 42.926 December15.92.7×
PortervilleCalifornia, United States1 27.726 December10.42.7×
CarsonCalifornia, United States2 37.025 December14.02.6×
MercedCalifornia, United States3 34.127 December13.22.6×
ClovisCalifornia, United States1 34.026 December13.22.6×
MantecaCalifornia, United States1 29.226 December11.42.6×
TijuanaBaja California, Mexico1 82.925 December33.22.5×
ModestoCalifornia, United States3 32.826 December13.12.5×
AnaheimCalifornia, United States1 31.928 December12.72.5×
CalexicoCalifornia, United States1 31.225 December12.52.5×
TorranceCalifornia, United States2 28.225 December11.82.4×
BakersfieldCalifornia, United States2 38.426 December17.32.2×
Long BeachCalifornia, United States1 31.125 December13.92.2×
Las VegasNevada, United States1 28.525 December12.92.2×
HanfordCalifornia, United States1 36.526 December17.12.1×
CorcoranCalifornia, United States1 29.326 December14.42.0×

Daily means in µg/m³, over the days each city counted in this episode. Highest: its highest of those days. Usual: the city's median for the time of year of that day (its days within 21 days of the date, every year, leaving out the week around it). Above usual: its highest day against that, with a usual under 5 µg/m³ taken as 5.

Against other episodes in the United States and Mexico

Number 30 of 141 episodes in the United States and Mexico since our records began, by cities reached.

Bars: cities reached; colour: the level of the episode's highest daily reading. All 141.

Use this page

SmogRank, Western United States and Mexico, December 2023: 32 cities with PM2.5 at twice their usual or more, 24 to 28 December 2023, smogrank.com/episodes/2023-12-western-united-states-and-mexico (accessed 4 October 2026).

Download top 10 (PNG)

You're welcome to reuse a single chart, image or figure with this citation and a link. Terms.

An episode is a run of days when many cities close to each other (four or more within 350 km on a day, 8 or more in all) each had a daily PM2.5 mean of at least 25 µg/m³ and at least 2 times their usual for that time of year. Found in our own measurements, not picked by hand. How we find episodes. Values are each city's daily mean of its own monitors; causes are the usual kinds for a pattern like this, not a confirmed source.